Microbiology of Reproductive Health/STI’s Flashcards
Neisseria gonnorhoeae common ages affected?
Infection mostly found in people ages 15-49
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is sexually transmitted. True/false?
True
What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram negative diplococci
How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae screened?
Screen by PCR
What can Neisseria gonnorhoeae cause?
Urthritis (urethral inflammation)
Cervicitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Pharyngitis
Proctitis (anal inflammation)
Disseminated disease (entry of pathogen into host, multiplication and spread leading to disease)
Antibiotic treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin
Most common people affected by chlamydia trachomatis?
Most common in women ages 15-24
Is chlamydia trachomatis sexually transmitted?
Yes
Chlamydia trachomatis infections can never resolve on its own. True/false?
False
Up to 50% of infections resolves untreated after ~ 12 months
Clinical features of chlamydia trachomatis?
Increased vaginal discharge
Post-coital bleeding
Dysuria (painful/difficult urination)
Dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse)
Rectal pain
Complications of chlamydia trachomatis?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Salpingitis (fallopian tube inflammation)
Endometritis (inflammation of endometrium)
Ectopic pregnancy
Reactive arthritis
Testing for chlamydia trachomatis?
NAAT (nucleic acid amplification testing)
Treatment of chlamydia trachomatis?
Doxycycline or azithromycin
What is contact tracing?
Required in cases involving chlamydia trachomatis and others.
Process of identifying, assessing and managing people who have been exposed to a disease to prevent additional transmission
What is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?
A sexually transmitted disease/infection involving lymph glands of the genital area and is caused by particular strand of chlamydia
What particular strain of chlamydia causes LGV?
Mainly Serovar L2 (can also be caused by L1 and L3)
Clinical features of LGV?
Painless ulcers and/or haemorrhagic proctitis (anal inflammation)
Pharyngitis
Lymphadenopathy (often unilateral)
Are anaerobes STI’s?
No
Main anaerobe bacteria?
Gardnerella vaginalis
Prevotells sp
Mobiluncus sp
Atopobium sp
Testing of anaerobe bacteria?
Gram stain
Treatment of anaerobe bacteria?
Metronidazole oral or gel
Clindamycin cream
Mycoplasma genitalium is not stainable. Why?
Lacks cell walls
Mycoplasma genitalium is sexually transmitted. True/false?
True
Testing of mycoplasma genitalium?
NAAT
Clinical conditions that can be caused by mycoplasma genitalium?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Urethritis
Treatment of mycoplasma genitalium?
Doxycycline or moxifloxacin
Ureaplasma is sexually transmitted. True/false?
True
Clinical conditions caused by ureaplasma?
Urethritis
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Best investigation for ureaplasma?
PCR
Treponema pallidum causes what condition?
Syphilis
Is treponema pallidum sexually transmitted?
Yes
Sexually transmitted via blood transfusion or during pregnancy
Treponema pallidum can’t be seen during routine microscopy. Why?
Dark background on microscopy
Testing for treponema pallidum?
PCR from lesion sample
Clinical features caused by treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Primary: Chancre, resolves over 3-8 weeks
Secondary in 25% of untreated primary:
* Rash including palms and soles
* Mucous pathes
* Condylomata lata
* Hepatitis, slenomegaly, glomerulonephritis
Treatment for treponema pallidum?
Benzathine penicillin
How many types of herpes simplex?
2 types
HSV-1 and HSV-2
Main transmission for HSV-1?
Mainly transmitted via oral-to-oral contact = “cold sores”
Main transmission for HSV-2?
Mainly sexually transmitted = genital herpes with lesions
Most HSV infections are asymptomatic. True/false?
True
Complications of HSV-2?
Increases risk of HIV transmission
3x
Severe disease in
immunocompromised people:
• Frequent recurrences
• HSV-1 - keratitis
• HSV-1 - encephalitis
• HSV-2 - Meningoencephalitis
• Dissemintated infection
Neonatal herpes
• Globally 10/100 000 births
• Primary herpes in mother late in pregnancy => highest risk
Treatment for HSV-2?
Aciclovir and valaciclovir
Prevention is key
What HPV types cause 70% of cervical cancers?
HPV 16 and 18
What HPV types cause genital warts?
HPV 6 and 11
What virus causes chickenpox in <10 yr old children?
Varicella zoster
Is varicella zoster an sti?
No
Varicella zoster complications?
Complications of primary infection:
• Pneumonia
• Encephalitis
• Pregnancy: fetal injury
Complications of recurrent infection:
• Lasting nerve damage
• Visual impairment
Treatment for sever cases with aciclovir
Vaccination available (attenuated “live” vaccine)
