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PLE > Microbiology: Generalities, Infection biology, Diagnostic microbiology, Parasitology > Flashcards

Microbiology: Generalities, Infection biology, Diagnostic microbiology, Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Staining Procedure

P = V
M = I
D = A
C = S
A 
Primary Stain = crystal Violet
Mordant = Iodine
Decolorizing Agent = Acetone
Counterstain = Safranin
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2
Q

Gram Staining Procedure

A 
Primary Stain = crystal Violet
Mordant = Iodine
Decolorizing Agent = Acetone
Counterstain = Safranin
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3
Q

Bacteria NOT seen in Gram stain? Alternative approach?

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

A

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Treponema - Spirochetes: Darkfield microscopy
Rickettsia - Giemsa/Tissue stains
Mycobacteria - Acid-Fast Stain
Mycoplasma - Serology
Legionella - Silver stain
Chlamydia - Giemsa stain (inclusion bodies)

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4
Q

Bacteria NOT seen in Gram stain? Alternative approach?

A

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Treponema - Spirochetes: Darkfield microscopy
Rickettsia - Giemsa/Tissue stains
Mycobacteria - Acid-Fast Stain
Mycoplasma - Serology
Legionella - Silver stain
Chlamydia - Giemsa stain (inclusion bodies)

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5
Q

Obligate Aerobes

Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen

A 
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella/ Brucella/ Bacillus cereus
Legionella
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6
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A 
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella/ Brucella/ Bacillus cereus
Legionella
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7
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

ABC of Anaerobes

A

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

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8
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

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9
Q

Prophage Coded Bacteria

(Lysogenized strains) of ABCDE

A

(Lysogenized strains) of ABCDE: Non-essential, for virulence

shigA-like toxin: EHEC
Botulinum
Cholera
Diphtheria
Erythrogenic strain (of S. pyogenes/ GABHS/ scarlet fever)
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10
Q

Prophage Coded Bacteria

A

(Lysogenized strains) of ABCDE: Non-essential, for virulence

shigA-like toxin: EHEC
Botulinum
Cholera
Diphtheria
Erythrogenic strain (of S. pyogenes/ GABHS/ scarlet fever)
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11
Q

Normal Flora

Skin
Nose
Mouth
Dental plaque
Colon 
Vagina
A

Normal Flora

Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Nose: Staphylococcus aureus
Mouth: Viridans streptococci
Dental plaque: Streptococcus mutans
Colon: Bacteroides, Escherichia coli 
Vagina: Lactobacillus vaginalis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae
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12
Q

Salma Hayek and her curli hair

A

Salmonella has surface proteins called ‘curli’ which mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

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13
Q

Enzyme in bacterial invasion, a.k.a. “spreading factor”

A

Hyaluronidase

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14
Q

What does IgA protease do?

A

Allows adherence to mucous membranes

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15
Q

Bacteria with IgA protease

SHine My Gong

A

Bacteria with IgA protease: SHiNe My Gong

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neiserria meningitidis
Neirserria gonorrhea

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16
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes anti-phagocytic factor

A

M protein

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17
Q

Staphylococcus aureus protein A function

A

Prevents complement activation

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18
Q

Which bacteria have “ADP-ribosylation” as the MOA of their exotoxins?

A

Diphtheria
Cholera
E.coli (heat-labile)
B. pertus

ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis

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19
Q

Which bacteria have “superantigen” as the MOA of their exotoxins?

A

TSST (S. aureus)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Erythrogenic toxin (S. pyogenes)

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20
Q

Which bacteria have “protease” as the MOA of their exotoxins?

A

Tetanus (tetanospasmin, C. tetani)
C. botulinum
Lethal factor of B. anthracis toxin
Scalded skin toxin (S. aureus)

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21
Q

Which bacteria have “lecithinase” as the MOA of their exotoxins?

A

Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

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22
Q

MOA of shiga toxin

A

Kills cells by cleaving 60S ribosomal subunit

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23
Q

Which bacteria have endotoxin?

A

eNdotoxin is an integral part of gram Negative cell walls

LPS toxic component: lipid A (overproduction of cytokines, complement cascade, coagulation cascade)

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24
Q

All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan except

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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25
All gram-positive have NO endotoxin except
Listeria monocytogenes
26
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except
Bacillus anthracis
27
All exotoxins are heat-labile except
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
28
Bacteria : Agar | Clostridium perfringens
Egg yolk (McClung-Toabe)
29
Bacteria : Agar | Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Tellurite (Loeffler's medium, will produce black colonies)
30
Bacteria : Agar | Group D Streptococci
Bile esculin
31
Bacteria : Agar | Staphylococci
Mannitol salts
32
Bacteria : Agar | N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhea from sterile sites
Chocolate
33
Bacteria : Agar | N. gonorrhea from non-sterile sites
Modified Thayer-Martin
34
Antibiotic content of Modified Thayer-Martin agar
Vancomycin Colistin Nystatin Trimethoprim
35
Bacteria : Agar | Haemophilus influenzae
Chocolate + Factors V and X
36
Agar : Bacteria | Lowenstein-Jensen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (yellowish brown, "buff, rough, tough", 4 weeks!)
37
Agar : Bacteria | Thiosulfate citrate bile salts (TCBS)
Vibrio cholera - yellow parahemolyticus - bluish green
38
Agar : Bacteria | Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe charcoal medium
Bordetella pertussis
39
Agar : Bacteria | Charcoal-yeast extract
Legionella pneumophila
40
Agar : Bacteria | Skirrows
Campylobacter | Helicobacter
41
Agar : Bacteria | Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK)
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
42
Agar : Bacteria | Eaton
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
43
Agar : Bacteria | Cetrimide
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
44
Agar : Bacteria | Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD)
Salmonella | Shigella
45
Agar : Bacteria | Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH)/ Fletcher's
Leptospira interrogans
46
Difficult to culture, hence other tests are used for diagnosis
Chlamydia (intracellular) Gonorrhea (NAAT is used) M. tuberculosis (AFB, PCR)
47
Antigen detection tests
IF (B. pertussis, L. pneumophila, Rabies) EIA like ELISA Other agglutination tests
48
Antibody detection tests
Western blot Lepto MAT COPT
49
Gold standard for diagnosis of VIRAL diseases
PCR | usually, serology first, then nucleic acid amplification
50
Serologic Tests for Syphilis | Nontreponemal (screening only)
VDRL RPR Antigen (cardiolipin, cholesterol, purified lecithin) USR, TRUST
51
Serologic Tests for Syphilis | Treponemal Antibody Tests (for confirmation)
TPEIA (if nontreponemal test is positive)
52
EIA/ELISA vs. RIA
enzyme-labelled antibodies, measured by spectrophotometer vs. radio-labelled antibodies, measured by gamma counter
53
Latex agglutination tests are used for
Streptococcal A pharyngitis Bacterial meningitis Cryptococcus (CALAS / Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System)
54
Diagnosis for HIV: Screening Confirmatory Gold standard
ELISA Western Blot PCR
55
Drugs: Folate synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides | Tripmethoprim
56
Drugs: RNA polymerase inhibitor
Rifampicin
57
Drugs: Cell membrane inhibitors
Amphotericin Ketoconazole Polymyxin
58
Drugs: DNA gyrase inhbitors
Fluoroquinolones
59
Drugs: Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta-lactam antibiotics (Carbapenems, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Penicillins) Others: Bacitracin, Fosfomycin, Vancomycin
60
Drugs: Protein synthesis inhibitors
``` Aminoglycosides Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Macrolides Mupirocin Streptogramins Tetracyclines ```
61
BBB Penetrability: Excellent with or without inflammation (8 drugs/drug classes)
``` Sulfonamides Chloramphenicol Trimethoprim Metronidazole Rifampicin Isoniazid Fluconazole Flucytosine ```
62
BBB Penetrability: Good only with inflammation
``` Penicillins Cephalosporins: Cefuroxime (2nd gen), 3rd gen parenteral (except Cefoperazone), 4th gen Imipinem + Cilastatin Meropenem Aztreonam Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin ```
63
BBB Penetrability: Minimal or not good even if with inflammation (4 drug classes)
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Lincosamides Macrolides
64
BBB Penetrability: No passage even if with inflammation (3 drug classes)
Polymyxins 1st and 2nd gen Cephalosporins Amphotericin B
65
Cephalosporins are not active against 3 organisms
MRSA L. monocytogenes Group B Strep (enterococci)
66
Resistance mechanisms: Beta lactams
Hydrolysis | Mutant PBP
67
Resistance mechanisms: Tetracycline
Active efflux from cell (gram pos and neg)
68
Resistance mechanisms: Aminoglycosides
Inactivation by enzymes | Impermeability (strict anaerobes and streptococci)
69
Resistance mechanisms: Sulfonamides
Overproduction of target (more PABA)
70
Resistance mechanisms: Fluoroquinolones
Mutant DNA gyrase
71
Resistance mechanisms: Chloramphenicol
Reduced uptake into cell
72
Resistance mechanisms: Vancomycin
Reprogramming of D-ala D-ala (becomes Lac-Lac) | S. aureus (GISA: glycopeptide intermediate S. aureus)
73
Resistance mechanisms: Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Ribosomal methylation
74
Resistance mechanisms: Macrolides/Erythromycin
RNA methylation | Drug efflux
75
Resistance mechanisms: Fluconazole
Active efflux (Candida spp.)
76
Resistance mechanisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Impenetrability (multiple antibiotic classes)
77
Resistance mechanisms: Modification of antimicrobial agent
PBP alteration in MRSA Penicillin resistance of S. pneumo and N. meningitidis Altered peptidoglycan in enterococci RNA polymerase mutation (Rif resistance in MTB) DNA gyrase mutation in enterobactericeae (Cipro resistance) Ribosomal gene mutations (resistance to protein synthesis inhibitors) Dihydrofolate reductase mutations (resistance to trimethoprim)
78
Resistance mechanisms: Absence of antimicrobial target
Echinocandin (-fungin) resistance in Cryptococcus spp.
79
Resistance mechanisms: Overexpression of antimicrobial target
Overproduction of dihydrofolate reductase in trimethoprim resistance
80
Resistance mechanisms: Enzymatic degradation of antimicrobial agent
Beta lactamase production(S. aureus penicillinase and ESBL and AmpC in Enterobacteriaceae) Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in Staphylococci
81
Difference between flukes (Trematoda) and tapeworms (Cestoda)
Some flukes have evolved to have sexes (Schistosoma), while tapeworms are still hermaphrodites, are segmented and have detachable proglottids
82
Eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles
Entamoeba hystolytica
83
Flask-shaped colon ulcers and anchovy sauce-like aspirate
Amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess of E. hystolytica
84
Life cycle: Simple vs Complicated
Simple = parasite has only ONE host, otherwise, complicated
85
3 protozoan infections treated with metronidazole
E. hystolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis
86
Tissue Amebicides
Chloroquine Emetines Metronidazole Tinidazole
87
Luminal Amebicides
Diloxanide furoate Iodoquinol Paromomycin
88
Asymptomatic, intestinal infection DOC and alternatives
Diloxanide furoate | Alternatives: Iodoquinol, Paromomycin
89
DOC regimen for mild to moderate, severe, hepatic abscess and other extraintestinal disease
Metronidazole plus luminal agent
90
Old man/grandfather face
Giardia lamblia trophozoites
91
Outdoors or backpacker's disease
Infection with Giardia lamblia
92
SSx of acute giardiasis
abdominal pain diarrhea excessive flatus that smells of rotten eggs
93
SSc of chronic giardiasis
State of malnutrition: constipation weight loss steatorrhea
94
Opportunistic intestinal protozoa which causes autoinfection immunocompromised patients (CD4 count < 200)
Cryptosporidium parvum
95
Treatment for cryptosporidiasis in immuno-competent and compromised
Competent: Nitazoxanide Compromised: HAART(highly active antiretroviral therapy)
96
Ping-pong tranmission, kite-like or pear-shaped and exists only as a trophozoite
Trichomonas vaginalis
97
STI that causes strawberry or ectocervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
98
STIs that cause endocervical disease
Gonorrhea | Chlamydia
99
Most important parasitic disease in man
Malaria
100
Liver schizonticide
Primaquine (use when there is relapse after 6 months, hypnozoites released from the liver)
101
Plasmodium species that produce hypnozoites
Ovale and vivax
102
Who are immune to malaria?
People with RBC defects such as those with G6PD and sickle cell anemia
103
What is 'premonition'?
Partial immunity seen in individuals who completely recover from falciparum malaria
104
How is malaria transmitted?
Bite of female Anopheles flavirostris minimus
105
Most drug resistant Plasmodium species which also has the highest parasitemia
P. falciparum
106
Recurrence of symptoms after 2-4 weeks abatement in P. malariae and falciparum
Recrudescence
107
Punctate granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. ovale and vivax
Schuffner dots SOVrang daming dots!
108
Coarse granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. falciparum
Maurer dots Maurer dots = coMMa-shaped = P. falciparuM
109
Fine dots in RBCs invaded by P. malariae
Ziemann dots
110
Malarial or Durck granulomas
cerebral malaria, P. falciparum
111
Blackwater fever
ARF in malaria
112
Paroxysmal fever
Merozoite release in malaria
113
Algid malaria
Septic shock in malaria
114
Anti-malarial drug that can cause pseudotumor cerebrii (SSx of increased ICP)
Doxycycline
115
DOC in areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Mefloquine
116
DOC in areas with multi-drug resistant P. falciparum
Doxycycline
117
DOC for terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections, alternative for primary prevention
Primaquine
118
Heterophil antibody diagnosis results for mononucleosis Toxoplasma gondii (immunocompetent patient) CMV EBV
Toxoplasma gondii: Negative CMV: Negative EBV: Positive
119
Encephalitis and ring enhancing lesions in Toxoplasmosis seen in which subset of patients?
Immunocompromised
120
DOC for toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
121
Transmission of trypanosoma cruzi
Reduviid bug bite (Triatoma)
122
DOC for American trypanosomiasis
Nifurtimox
123
The most frequent and severely infected tissue in American trypanosomiasis
Cardiac muscle (cardiomegaly)
124
Transmission of trypanosoma brucei
Tsetse fly bite (Glossina)
125
Main reservoirs for African trypanosome species
Humans are the main reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West), but this species can also be found in animals, Rhodesian also the more rapid and fatal type Wild game animals are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense (East) WaGER! (West = Gambian, East = Rhodesian)
126
DOC for early stages West African trypanosimiasis East African trypanosimiasis
West African trypanosimiasis: Pentamidine East African trypanosimiasis: Suramin It SURe is nice to got to SLEEP. MELAtonin helps with SLEEP. (Suramin and Melarsoprol are used for African sleeping sickness.)
127
DOC for CNS stages West African trypanosimiasis East African trypanosimiasis
West African trypanosimiasis: Eflornithine East African trypanosimiasis: Melarsoprol It SURe is nice to got to SLEEP. MELAtonin helps with SLEEP. (Suramin and Melarsoprol are used for African sleeping sickness.)
128
Two miscellaneous protozoa in unkempt swimming pools
Acanthamoeba castellanii (granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis) Naegleria fowleri (primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
129
Ciliated protozoan, associated with pigs, round-based and wide-necked intestinal ulcers
Balantidium coli
130
Trophozoites in RBC form a Maltese cross, tick belt of East Coast, deer tick also carries Lyme disease
Babesia microti (Babesiosis)
131
Vector of Leishmaniasis
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
132
Disease spectrum of Leishmaniasis per species: Cutaneous Visceral/Kala-azar Mucocutaneous
Cutaneous: L. tropica Visceral/Kala-azar: L. donovani Mucocutaneous: L. braziliensis
133
Cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
``` Cryptococcus Cyclospora cayetanensis (coccidial sporozoa) Isospora belli (coccidial sporozoa) ```
134
Nematodes found in tissue and their DOC
Wuchereria bancrofti - filariasis - DEC Brugia malayi - filariasis - DEC Trichinella - trichinosis - thiabendazole
135
Nematodes treated with albendazole as DOC
Ascaris Ancylostoma Necator Capillaria
136
Drug used in the treatment of intestinal nematodes that is both larvicidal and ovicidal
Albendazole
137
Where does ascaris embryonation occur?
Soil, it is a soil-transmitted helminth
138
Nematodes with a transpulmonary phase/lung migration
A. lumbricoides N. americanus A. duodenale S. stercoralis
139
What is Loeffler syndrome?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in ascariasis
140
Why is Mebendazole prescribed over Albendazole for ascariasis?
Has a better safety profile, less side effects | However, albendazole has better systemic absorption and tissue penetrance (choose if already with pulmonary involvement)
141
How do you differentiate the two hookworms?
Necator = NeCUTor = cutting plates Ancylostoma = teeth Both are blood-sucking nematodes, cause microcytic anemia (0.25 ml of blood/worm/day)
142
Cutaneous manifestation of acute ascariasis
ground itch at site of entry | creeping eruptions/serpiginous tracks/cutaneous larva migrans
143
On Kato-Katz smear, barrel-shaped eggs with round bipolar plug Can cause rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
144
DOC for trichuriasis
Mebendazole
145
Unholy trinity of helminth infections
Ascariasis Hookworm Trichuris
146
Most common STH in developed countries
Enterobius vermicularis/ pinworm/ seatworm
147
D-shaped eggs (perianal skin --> pruritus --> autoinfection?) are obtained on Graham scotch tape technique
Enterobius vermicularis/ pinworm/ seatworm
148
DOC for enterobius infection
Pyrantel pamoate
149
Thread worm diagnostic technique
Strongyloides stercoralis, Harada-Mori culture
150
DOC for thread worm
Ivermectin
151
SSx: larva currens, duodenitis, paradoxical asthma, hyperinfection syndrome (immunocompromised), autoinfection by direct migration to lungs from GIT
Thread worm or strongyloides
152
Only two helminthic infections that have been proven to exhibit autoinfection in humans
Strongyloides | Capillaria
153
"Pudoc worm", only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird, peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs, from undercooked fish
Capillaria philippinensis
154
Severe intestinal malabsorption leading to auto and hyperinfection
Capillaria philippinensis
155
Nematode infection SSx: Borborygmus, protein-losing enteropathy, hypogammaglobulinemia
Capillaria philippinensis
156
Diseases transmitted by Culex mosquito
Japanese encephalitis, Wuchereria filariasis
157
Diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquito
Dengue, Chikungunya, Wuchereria filariasis
158
Diseases transmitted by Mansonia mosquito
Brugia filariasis
159
Most debilitating nematode infection
Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi)
160
Where do the farmers in abaca plantations live? Why is this important?
Common patients with filariasis Eastern Luzon and Visayas Bancroftian: Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, all of Mindanao Malayan: Eastern Samar, Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu (Both: Palawan)
161
``` Wuchereria vs Brugia Appearance Terminal nuclei Prevalence Preference Clinical picture Severity of disease ```
Wuchereria vs Brugia Appearance: smoothly curved vs kinky Terminal nuclei: absent vs present Prevalence: widespread vs SEA Preference: scrotal lymphatics vs limb lymphatics Clinical picture: hydrocele vs elephantiasis (Wuchereria = water = hydrocele; Brugia = binti) Severity of disease: more severe vs less severe
162
How to diagnose filariasis?
thick blood smear: microfilariae nocturnal periodicity: collect between 8PM to 4AM DEC provocation test
163
Chronic filariasis SSx
hydrocele, elephantiasis, chyluria
164
Acute filariasis SSx
filarial fever, acute adenolymphangitis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies/small epithelioid granulomas), expatriate syndrome
165
Sylvatic cycle
The fraction of the pathogen population's lifespan spent cycling between wild animals and vectors. Humans are usually an incidental or dead-end host, infected by a vector. Ex. Trichinella spiralis (intermediate host: pigs, also rodents)
166
Where is the encysted larvae of trichinella found?
Muscle, enclosed in nurse cell
167
Heavy infestation of diaphragm in trichinella infection
respiratory myositis
168
DOC for Trichinella spiralis
Thiobendazole
169
Transmitted by female blackfly (Simulium), causes river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
170
Mazzotti reaction (nonspecific SSx of infection, severe, upon treatment) is due to?
Inflammatory reaction to lysis of worms (ex. Onchocerca volvulus)
171
Mazzotti reaction in spirochetes
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (Borrellia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, Leptospira spp.)
172
Praziquantel is the DOC for?
Trematode infections S. japonicum P. westermani C. sinensis
173
Oriental blood fluke resides where in the human body?
Mesenteric and portal veins
174
Intermediate host of Schistosoma
Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
175
Infective stage of Schistosoma
Cercariae
176
Which stage of the Schistosoma life cycle produces disease in humans?
Eggs! Granuloma formation, will obstruct presinusoidal circulation leading to hepatomegaly and portal hypertension
177
Local epidemiology of Schistosomiasis
Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol, all of Mindanao EXCEPT Misamis Oriental
178
SSx of Schistosomiasis: Acute and Chronic
Acute: Katayama fever, swimmer's itch Chronic: CLD, portal hypertension, colonic, pulmonary and cerebral problems (rule out schisto in patients with seizures in endemic areas)
179
Lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
180
Intermediate hosts of lung fluke
``` snail: Antemelania asperata mountain crab (talangka): Sundathelphusa philippina ```
181
Trematode with ovoid eggs, thinner opercular and thicker abopercular end
Paragonimus westermani
182
Paragonimiasis is often mistaken for this disease
Pulmonary tuberculosis or MDRTB | Chronic cough with bloody sputum
183
Asian liver fluke (Mekong: Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar)
Clonorchis sinensis | Opistorchis viverrini
184
Intermediate hosts of Asian river fluke
Snail (Parafossarulus) | Fish (Cyprinidae)
185
Asian river fluke causes what biliary tract disease?
hyperplasia and fibrosis, eventually hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor)
186
Tapeworm DOC except for E. granulosus
Praziquantel
187
Intermediate host of common cestodes
Taenia solium = pig Taenia saginata = beef Diphyllobothrium latum = fish Echinococcus granulosus = sheep
188
Diagnostic stage of taenia spp.
Gravid proglottids
189
What part of taenia spp. and D. latum attach to intestines?
Scolex
190
Neurocysticercosis and worms in vitreous humor of eye are usually from?
Taenia solium
191
Operculated eggs, sucking grooves, intermediate hosts are fish and copepods
D. latum
192
Diphyllobothrium latum causes what kind of anemia?
Megaloblastic anemia, Vitamin B12 deficiency
193
Smallest tapeworm, definitive host is dog ("dog tapeworm")
Echinococcus granulosus
194
Echinococcus granulosus diagnostic stage
hydatid cysts
195
Be careful when removing cysts of this organism during surgery, will cause life-threatening anaphylaxis if ruptured!
Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts in brain
196
Treatment for Echinococcus granulosus infection
Surgery, Albendazole, PAIR procedure
197
Man is just an incidental host or this tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus

PLE (14 decks)

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