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Commonwealth 2nd Quarter > Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Exogenous

A

An infection in which the causative agent comes from outside the body

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2
Q

Endogenous

A

An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body

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3
Q

Acute

A

an infection of sudden onset and short duration (meningococcemia)

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4
Q

Chronic

A

an infection of slow onset and long duration (Alzheimer’s)

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5
Q

Communicable

A

An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Contagious means highly communicable

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6
Q

Endemic

A

An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community Ex: cold flu

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7
Q

Epidemic

A

An infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time ex: flu in 1919 killed 20 million

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9
Q

Sporadic

A

An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community (Legionnaire’s disease; 4 corners region=Hantavirus)

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10
Q

Primary

A

the initial (first) infection of a mixed infection

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11
Q

Mixed

A

an infection due to two or more organisms ex: 2 or more infections occurring at the same time

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12
Q

Secondary

A

the second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection

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13
Q

Local

A

an infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area (abscessed tooth)

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14
Q

Focal

A

an infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body

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15
Q

General

A

Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system (septicemia/sepsis)

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16
Q

Bacteremia

A

a condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream but are not multiplying there

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17
Q

Septicemia

A

Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning” (sepsis)

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18
Q

Toxemia

A

the presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood

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19
Q

Terminal

A

an infection which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and causes death

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20
Q

Contamination

A

The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects (fomite)

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21
Q

Infestation

A

The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites; those able to be seen with the unaided eye (maggots)

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22
Q

Virulence

A

the ability of a microorganism to produce disease. Attenuation implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism

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23
Q

Zoonotic

A

Diseases caused by infectious agent that can be transmitted between (or are shared by) animals and humans (malaria; encephalitis)

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24
Q

Nosocomial

A

A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital (staph)

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25
Q

Pyemia

A

Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia cause by cryogenic (pus-forming) bacteria

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26
Q

Fulminating

A

A sudden, severe and overwhelming infection, such as spinal meningitis

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27
Q

Generalized

A

infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system

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28
Q

Latent

A

A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense but may spread when the body resistance is reduced (cold sores, syphilis)

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29
Q

Inapparent

A

an infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable (TB)

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30
Q

Typical mumps

A

an infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized (rubella)

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31
Q

Atypical

A

An infection in which all symptoms are not easily recognizable, meaning that it could be confused with another infection

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32
Q

Pathogens

A

any microorganism that causes disease in man. A non-pathogen does not cause disease in man

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33
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

Normal Flora
Opportunists
Strict (obligate) pathogens

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34
Q

Normal Flora/ Indigenous flora

A

Microorganisms that live and grow in and on the human body. Most are non-pathogens

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35
Q

Opportunists

A

Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually opportunists since they alone cannot penetrate unbroken skin

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36
Q

Strict (obligate) pathogens

A

microorganisms that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them. they are never a part of one’s normal flora (streptococcus pyogenes)

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37
Q

Bacterial typical reproduction is by?

A

binary fission (simple transverse division) an asexual means

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38
Q

Binary Fission

A

a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual

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39
Q

asexual reproduction

A

has everything it needs to reproduce on its own

40
Q

Bacterial colony

A

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism (nutrient broth, blood agar)

41
Q

What are the conditions affecting bacterial growth?

A
  1. Food requirements
  2. Oxygen requirements
  3. Moisture (water) requirements
  4. pH
  5. Temperature requirements
  6. Effect of light on bacterial growth
  7. Osmotic pressure
42
Q

Autotrophic bacteria

A

self nourishing bacteria; obtain there food from an organic matter, does not contain carbon

43
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria

A

other than self nourishing; organisms that must obtain their nourishment from complex organic matter; does contain carbon

44
Q

Strict (obligate) saprophytes

A

an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter

45
Q

Strict (obligate) parasite

A

an organism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival

46
Q

Strict (obligate) aerobe

A

a microbe that can only live in the presence of free oxygen (Humans)

47
Q

Strict (obligate) anaerobe

A

a microbe that can only survive in the absence of free oxygen (Clostridium/ gang-green)

48
Q

Microaerophilic

A

a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen (a level less that is required for humans)

49
Q

pH

A

percentage of Hydrogen ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens

50
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

organisms that can live in the presence or absense or oxygen

51
Q

Minimum temperature

A

lowest temperature at which any organism could live

52
Q

Maximum temperature

A

highest temperature at which any organism could live

53
Q

Optimum temperature

A

temperature at which any organism grows best at

54
Q

Psychrophiles (cryophiles)

A

organisms that grow best at cold temperatures below 20 degrees C

55
Q

Mesophiles

A

most pathogens organisms that prefer moderate temperature and develop best at temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees C

56
Q

Thermophiles

A

organisms that thrive best at high temperatures, above 40 degrees C

57
Q

Effect of light on bacterial growth

A

UV light is bactericidal

58
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane

59
Q

Isotonic

A

this solution is important to study bacterial cells & red blood cells

60
Q

Hypertonic

A

excess solute (water leaves the cells cause shrinkage)

61
Q

Plasmolysis

A

shrinkage of bacterial cells when placed in a hypertonic solution

62
Q

Crenation

A

shrinkage of red blood cells when placed in a hypertonic solution

63
Q

Hypotonic

A

less solute than normal (water enters the cells causing them to burst)

64
Q

Plasmoptysis

A

bursting of bacterial cells when placed in a hypotonic solution

65
Q

Hemolysis

A

bursting of red blood cells when placed in a hypotonic solution

66
Q

Symbiosis

A

living together; organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members

67
Q

Mutualism

A

of benefit to all, a relationship which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each.

68
Q

Commensalism

A

of benefit to one, with no effect on the other, (Ex: normal flora) the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefited.

69
Q

Parasitism

A

of benefit to one, harmful to the other, an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits

70
Q

Synergism

A

a relationship between 2 or more microorganisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone

71
Q

Antagonism

A

a relationship between 2 or more microorganisms in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action

72
Q

Infection

A

the entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host

73
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the ability of an organism to cause infection in man; the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease

74
Q

Attenuation

A

a weakening in the virulence of an organism; dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

75
Q

Drug-fast

A

resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs

76
Q

Factors influencing virulence

A
  1. toxin production
  2. enzymes
  3. capsules
  4. endospores
77
Q

Exotoxins

A

produced all the time & continuously released to the outside; Example: tetanus, cholera

78
Q

Endotoxins

A

only released when cell producing it is destroyed; Example: spinal meningitis

79
Q

Enzymes

A

organic catalysts; substances that speed up or slow down a chemical reaction without being destroyed or used up in the process

80
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

(spreading factor)- breaks down hyaluronic acid

81
Q

Coagulase

A

Clots plasma; cause a clot around the bacteria

82
Q

Fibrinolysin

A

(streptokinase)- dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI

83
Q

Capsules

A

Slime-layer; the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria helps to protect cells from phagocytosis, thus enhancing virulence of microorganisms

84
Q

Endospores

A

best means of protection, not means of reproduction, (clostridium)

85
Q

Sources of infection

A
  1. Animals or persons currently ill of the infection (best source of infection transmission)
  2. Chronic animal or human carriers
  3. Environment
86
Q

Active carriers

A

animal or human that posses a particular an organism and transmits that organism to others after their recovery;

87
Q

Passive carriers

A

animal or human that posses a particular an organism and transfers it to others, even though they have never suffered from the infection it causes. Ex: Typhoid Mary (typhoid fever)

88
Q

Convalescent carrier

A

during recovery

89
Q

Direct transmission

A

a. Physical contact-STD’S
b. Droplet infection (aerosol)
c. Congenital- rubella (any disease present at birth)

90
Q

Indirect transmission

A

a. Food
b. Milk
c. Fomites- lifeless inanmite objects
d. Water
e. Soil
f. Vectors

91
Q

Vectors

A

arthropods, insects, flies, tree roaches, that are not suffering from the infection in which they are carrying

92
Q

Biological vectors

A

mosquitoes (blood suckers), malaria (monkeys)

93
Q

Mechanical vectors

A

they carry the infection on their outside shell, wings feet, ect.

94
Q

Portals of entry & exit of pathogens

A
  1. Skin & mucous membranes- staph.
  2. Respiratory tract- TB, pneumonia
  3. Digestive tract- cholera, dysentery
  4. Genito-urinary tract (GUT)- STD’s
  5. Placenta- rubella (German measles)
95
Q

Vehicles of exit of pathogens

A
  1. Feces- dysentery, cholera
  2. Urine- U.T. infections, STD’s; purulent (cloudy) appearance
  3. Semen
  4. Vaginal secretions- yeast infections
  5. Sputum
  6. Saliva- cytomegalovirus (CID)
  7. Blood- hepatitis A & B
  8. Pus & lesion exudates- skin, abscesses, decubitus ulcers
  9. Tears
96
Q

Factors influencing the occurrence of an infection

A
  1. Portal of entry of the pathogens & elective localization
  2. Number of organisms- greater number that attack, the more likely you are to catch it
  3. Virulence of the organisms
  4. Resistance of the host
97
Q

Health or Illness= N (V)

R

A

formula=

Commonwealth 2nd Quarter (22 decks)

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