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Commonwealth 2nd Quarter > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

scientific study of microorganisms & their effect on other living organisms; literally, the study of small life.

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2
Q

Divisions of Microbiology

A 
Bacteriology
Rickettsiology
Virology
Protozoology
Mycology
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3
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacteria;

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4
Q

Rickettsiology

A

study of rickettsia

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5
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses,or viral diseases

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6
Q

Protozoology

A

study of protozoa *the smallest form of animal life

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7
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi (yeasts & molds)

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

a prokaryotic one-celled mircoorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties staph., strept., infections

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9
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans have no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms; size between viruses & bacteria, famous in humans for causing an infection called primary atypical pneumonia;

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10
Q

Rickettsia

A

a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria, febrile infections (named for person discovering it Sr. Anthony Ricketts) Could run a fever of 107 degrees-Rocky Mountain Spotted Feverfebrile infections, mostly spread by insect; ex. typhus fever The infection accompanying these is high fever and last a longer period of time. Flea born or rat also transmitted by louse or lice

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11
Q

Chlamydia

A

a large group of nonmotile, gram negative intracellular parasites; parrot fever, NGU (non gonococcal urethritis) leading sexually transmitted disease

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12
Q

Viruses

A

smallest microorganism know; measles, mumps, flu, hepatitis, smallpox must use an electron microscope to see virus/ virus cannot live alone *this is the smallest microorganism known to man.

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13
Q

Protozoa

A

smallest form of animal life, malaria, amebic dysentery one celled organisms of the Kingdom Protista-most are unicellular although some are colonist

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14
Q

Fungi

A

yeast and molds; athlete’s foot, thrush, PCP, a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous

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15
Q

Prion

A

small proteinaceous infectious agents (particles) which almost certainly do not have a nucleic acid genome and therefore resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids.(Ex: Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJ) )

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16
Q

Which family or group of microorganisms cause the greatest majority of infection in man?

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Morphology

A

study of external structure and form without regard to its function

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18
Q

Taxonomy

A

classification or naming of all living things

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19
Q

Dimorphism

A

ability to exist in either one cell or multi cell form

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell ingestion, white blood cells destroy foreign objects

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21
Q

Virulence

A

likelihood disease causes infection to human from a microorganism; relative power of an organism to produce disease

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22
Q

Micron (L)

A

largest unit of measure 25,000 of an inch

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23
Q

Nanometer (M)

A

medium unit of measure 250,000 of an inch

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24
Q

Angstrom (S)

A

smallest unit of measure 2.5 millionth of an inch

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25
Q

what are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Spherical
  2. Rod
  3. Spiral
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26
Q

Coccus (pl. Cocci)

A

spherical (round) or ovoid shaped bacteria

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27
Q

Bacillus (pl. Bacilli)

A

rod (capsule) shaped bacteria

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28
Q

Spirillum (pl. Spirilla)

A

spiral shaped bacteria

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29
Q

Vibrio

A

(L. to move rapidly, vibrate) a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bend rods that resemble commas Example: Cholera

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30
Q

Spirillum

A

a genus of spiral bacteria having a snake shape with a rigid cell wall and hair-like projections called flagella that assist in movement;

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31
Q

Spirochete

A

a genus of bacteria having a flexible cell wall but no flagella in the traditional sense. Movement in these organisms occurs by contractions (undulating) of long filaments (endoflagella) that run the length of the cell; corkscrew shaped bacteria (Syphilis)

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32
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of Cocci

A
  1. Diplococci
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Streptococci
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33
Q

Diplococci

A

pairs meaning only 2; a variation of round shaped bacteria

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34
Q

Staphylococci

A

a genus of gram positive, nonmotile, opportunistic bacteria which tent to aggregate in irregular round clusters; bunches like grapes

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35
Q

Streptococci

A

spherical shaped bacteria occurring in chains-

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36
Q

What are the 2 arrangements of Bacilli

A
  1. Diplobacilli

2. Streptobacilli

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37
Q

Diplobacilli

A

a double bacillus, two being linked end to end. Morax-Axenfeld bacillus a cause of conjunctivitis is typical of this form.

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38
Q

Streptobacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria occurring in chains

39
Q

Cell wall

A

the outermost layer which gives shape and integrity (strength) to bacteria; its makeup used to differ among microorganisms; Ex: high lipid (fat) for TB; protein in gram stain (blue if yes, red if no) This test shows if there is protein in the bacteria of TB

40
Q

Cell membrane

A

a thinner, inner layer; controls entry and exit into the bacteria

41
Q

Cytoplasm

A

living substance present in the cell

42
Q

Capsule (slime layer)

A

the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria helps to protect cells from phagocytosis, thus enhancing virulence of microorganism

43
Q

Endospore

A

a thick-walled spore within a bacterium; best means of protection any microorganism can possess; NOT a means of reproduction, means of survival, never more than 1 per cell

44
Q

What are the only 2 genus that are able to form endospores?

A
  1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

45
Q

Vegetative Bacteria

A

any bacteria that can never form endospores; or any bacteria which can produce endospores, but is NOT currently

46
Q

Sporilating Bacteria

A

any bacteria which is currently producing endospores; occurs under adverse living conditions

47
Q

Germinating Bacteria

A

when free, endospores forms new vegetative cell when good living conditions return

48
Q

Flagella

A

used for movement of bacteria; long whip-like structures attached to outside

49
Q

Monotrichous

A

form of flagella; single long tail like (ex. sperm)

50
Q

Peritrichous

A

form of flagella; several hairs like all around

51
Q

Pili

A

“little hairs” shorter than flagella and used to aid in attachment to the initial site of infection (ex. gonorrhea)

52
Q

Bacterial typical reproduction is by?

A

binary fission (simple transverse division) an asexual means

53
Q

Binary fission

A

a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual.

54
Q

asexual reproduction

A

has everything it needs to reproduce on its own.

55
Q

Bacterial colony

A

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism (nutrient broth, blood agar)

56
Q

What are the conditions affecting bacterial growth?

A
  1. Food requirements
  2. Oxygen requirements
  3. Moisture (water) requirements
  4. pH
57
Q

Autotrophic bacteria

A

self nourishing bacteria; obtain there food from an organic matter, does not contain carbon

58
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria

A

other than self nourishing; organisms that must obtain their nourishment from complex organic matter; does contain carbon

59
Q

Strict (obligate) saprophytes

A

an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter

60
Q

Strict (obligate) parasite

A

an organism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival

61
Q

Strict (obligate) aerobe

A

a microbe that can only live in the presence of free oxygen (Humans)

62
Q

Strict (obligate) anaerobe

A

a microbe that can only survive in the absence of free oxygen (Clostridium/ Gang-green)

63
Q

Microaerophilic

A

a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen (a level less that is required for humans)

64
Q

pH

A

percentage of Hydrogen ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens

65
Q

pH scale ranges from

A

0-14

66
Q

pH of 7.0 is

A

neutral (Ex: water)

67
Q

pH of 7.3-7.4

A

slightly alkaline; the pH of a living human body/ blood

68
Q

pH of 5.0

A

slightly acidic; a deceased body with rigamoritis

69
Q

pH of 1.0

A

highly acidic (Ex: HCl Hydrochloric Acid/ battery acid)

70
Q

pH of 10.5

A

moderately alkaline

71
Q

pH of 3.5

A

moderately acidic

72
Q

pH of 13

A

highly alkaline (Ex: Milk)

73
Q

pH above 7.0

A

Alkaline/ Basic turns litmis paper blue; bitter taste (bile)

74
Q

pH below 7.0

A

Acidic turns litmis paper red (gastric juice)

75
Q

Facultative saprophyte

A

prefers live organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions

76
Q

Facultative aerobe

A

a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen

77
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

an organism that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence

78
Q

87%

A

non-pathogenic

79
Q

13%

A

can cause infection to the human body

80
Q

Staph

A

grows in clusters (yellow pus/ golden pigment)

81
Q

Strept

A

grows in chains

82
Q

Classification of living things (highest to lowest)

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
83
Q

Genus

A

name of all living things is always Capitalized, it tells about the morphology- the external structure or form

84
Q

Species

A

always in small letters; it tells one of the names this infection will cause. if it does not tell us an infection it causes, it usually tells us a laboratory characteristic

85
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

round, clusters, golden pigment

86
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

round, chains, infection of lung tissue (lobar pneumonia)

87
Q

Neisseria meningitides

A

Named from person who discovered it, inflammation of 3 layer membrane in spinal cord

88
Q

Hemophilus influenzae

A

blood living disease, flu, shingles

89
Q

Borrelia burgdorferii

A

lime disease

90
Q

typhi

A

typhoid fever

typhus fever

91
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

Obtain their food from either dead or living organic matter

91
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies

A

prion diseases & because of the post mortem appearance of the brain with large vacuoles in the cortex and cerebellum

92
Q

Strep and staph are caused by

A

Bacteria

Commonwealth 2nd Quarter (22 decks)

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