Microbiology Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the nine different types of Prokaryotic bacterial morphologies

Answer 1

Cocci
Bacillus
Sprilla
Spirochetes
Filamentous
Streptococcus
Sarcina
Staphylococcus
Budding and appendaged

Answer 2

Cocci

Answer 3

Bacillus

Answer 4

Sprilla

Answer 5

Spirochetes

Answer 6

Filamentous

Answer 7

Streptococcus

Answer 8

Sarcina

Answer 9

Staphylococcus

Answer 10

Budding and appendages
Stalk & hypha

Question 11

Explain why there are different bacterial morphologies and give examples

Answer 11

morphology is the result of selective forces that have shaped its evolution to maximize fitness. This can be in terms of nutrient uptake, gliding motility (filamentous), and swimming motility (sprilla)

Question 12

What is the 2nd known biggest bacteria cell known? Does it have one or two genomes?

Answer 12

Epulopiscium fishelon, found in fish gut, it has many copies of genomes due to its large size.

Question 13

What is the 1st known biggest bacteria cell? What is the theory for its large size?

Answer 13

Thiomargrita namibiensis, a sulfur-oxidizing chemolithotroph. It is a large cell for storing sulfur as an energy source

Question 14

Are there any cell size rivals in Archaea?

Answer 14

No.

Question 15

Large cells have a _________ ability to transport nutrients. Large cells have __________ metabolic rates. This means large cells are less ________ compared to smaller cells.

Answer 15

decreased, slow, competitive

Question 16

Prokaryotes: S/V Ratio & its significance

Answer 16

Small cells have a higher S/V ratio
Small cells have a fast growth rate
A faster growth rate means a bigger population with more mutations meaning there are more evolutionary possibilities for Prokaryotes

Question 17

S/V ratios control what two things

Answer 17

Growth rate and evolutionary possibilities

Question 18

Eukaryotes: S/V Ratio & its significance

Answer 18

Large cells have a small S/V ratio
Mutation is masked 1/2 diploid cells
Slower growth rates mean a small population which means fewer mutations so there are fewer evolutionary possibilities for Eukaryotes

Question 19

Cytoplasmic Membrance: Compare and Contrast Bacteria & Eukarya and Archaea

Answer 19

Bacteria & Eukarya:
Phospholipid bilayer, ester linkages bonding to fatty acids and glycerol, weak, and hopanoids

Archaea:
Lipid monolayer, ether linkages between glycerol and side chains, rigid, no hopanoids, isoprenes

Question 20

What are the three functions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

Answer 20

Prevents leakage
Anchors proteins
Conserves energy

Question 21

Is the cytoplasmic membrane impermeable or permeable? What does this mean?

Answer 21

Impermeable - transport proteins are needed.

Question 22

What is the function of peptidoglycan? What are the two components of peptidoglycan?

Answer 22

Strengthens cell wall
N-acetyl glucosamine and N- acetylmuramic acid

Question 23

What is the function of lysozyme? What does it affect?

Answer 23

Breaks the bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid thus weakening peptidoglycan and causing cell lysis. It also affects penciling by weakening the molecule and causing osmotic lysis.

Question 24

Compare and Contrast Gram Positive and Gram Negative

Answer 24

Gram - positive: interbridges (glycines),
90% peptidoglycan

Gram-negative: small amount of peptidoglycan, the majority is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 25

Describe or draw the Cell Wall

Answer 25

Outer membrane: lipopolysaccharide (o specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, and Lipid A

Periplasm:

Question 26

Porins vs Nonspecific Porins

Answer 26

Porins: allow the outer membrane to be permeable for small molecules. They are channels for entrance and exit.

Nonspecific porins: form water-filled channels for hydrophilic molecules to pass.

Question 27

Describe the Archaea’s Cell Wall

Answer 27

Made up of pesudeomuerin; composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid.

Beta 1,3 instead of Beta 1,4

Immune to lysozyme and penicillin

Question 28

Halococcus

Answer 28

stability of cell wall depends on the sodium sulfate complex; halophilic: salt-loving

Question 29

The most common cell wall in Archaea?

Answer 29

S layers

Question 30

What are the three functions of S layers

Answer 30

Allow passage of low molecular weight solutes

Retains protein near cell surfaces that function outside the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

Retain periplasmic proteins and prevents drifting away in gram-negative bacteria

Question 31

What can outer surface layers do?

Answer 31

Prevent dehydration, attachment (biofilms), virulence factors

Question 32

Filamentous, allows cells to stick to surfaces. Form pellicles.

Answer 32

Fimbriae

Question 33

Longer than Fimbriae, support twitching motility, facilitate gene exchange and enable adhesion of pathogens to host tissues.

Answer 33

Pilli

Question 34

Twitching motility

Answer 34

Helps locate specific sites for attachement

Question 35

Grappling hooks to help catch nutrients and not get washed away

Answer 35

Hamus