Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
a substance unique to endospores that confers heat resistance on these structures
Dipicolinic acid
a highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated structure produced by certain gram-positive Bacteria
Endospore
the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from Bacteria
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
along,thin cellular appendage that rotates (in Bacteria) or has a whiplike motion (in Eukarya) and is responsible for swimming motility
Flagellum
gas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and conferring buoyancy on cells
Gas vesicles
highly basic proteins that compact and wind DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Histones
the shape of a cell—rod, coccus, spirillum, and so on
Morphology
an organelle of endosymbiotic origin present in certain microbial eukaryotes that oxidizes pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate, and couples this to ATP synthesis
Hydrogenosome
a filamentous polymer of fibrous keratin proteins, supercoiled into thicker fibers, that functions in maintaining cell shape and the positioning of certain organelles in the eukaryotic cell
Intermediate filament
a combination of lipid with polysaccharide and protein that forms the major portion of the outer membrane in gram-negative Bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
an organelle containing digestive enzymes for hydrolysis of proteins, fats, and polysaccharides
Lysosome
a particle of magnetite (Fe3O4) enclosed by a nonunit membrane in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic Bacteria
Magnetosome
the nuclear division that halves the diploid number of chromosomes to the haploid
Meiosis
a filamentous polymer of the protein actin that helps maintain the shape of a eukaryotic cell
Microfilament
a filamentous polymer of the proteins α-tubulin and β-tubulin that functions in eukaryotic cell shape and motility
Microtubule
the respiratory organelle of eukaryotic organisms
Mitochondrion
nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are replicated and partitioned into two daughter cells during cell division
Mitosis
the organelle that contains the eukaryotic cell’s chromosomes
Nucleus
a phospholipid- and polysaccharide-containing unit membrane that lies external to the peptidoglycan layer in cells of gram-negative Bacteria
Outer membrane
a polysaccharide
composed of alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid arranged in adjacent layers and
cross-linked by short peptides
Peptidoglycan
a gel-like region between the outer
the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative Bacteria
Periplasm
having flagella located in many places around the surface of the cell
Peritrichous flagellation
movement of an organism toward light
Phototaxis
thin, filamentous structures that extend from the surface of a cell and, depending on type, facilitate cell attachment, genetic exchange, or twitching motility
Pili
having flagella emanating from one or both poles of the cell
Polar flagellation
a common storage material of prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer of β-hydroxybutyrate or another β-alkanoic acid or mixtures of β-alkanoic acids
Poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
an outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some Bacteria and Archaea
S-layer
the lumen of the chloroplast, surrounded by the inner membrane
Stroma
a phosphorylated polyalcohol found in the cell wall of some gram-positive Bacteria
Teichoic acid
a membrane layer containing the photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts
Thylakoid
