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Microbiology > Chapter 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the manipulation of sterile instruments or culture media in such a way as to maintain sterility

A

Aseptic Technique

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2
Q

a rigid layer present outside the cytoplasmic membrane; it confers structural strength on the cell

A

Cell Wall

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3
Q

a form of metabolism in which energy is generated from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

A

Chemolithotrophy

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4
Q

a macroscopically visible population of cells growing on solid medium, arising from a single cell

A

Colony

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5
Q

the ability to resolve a cell or structure from its surroundings

A

Contrast

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6
Q

a collection of microbial cells grown using a nutrient medium

A

Culture

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7
Q

the fluid portion of a cell, enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

a semipermeable barrier that separates the cell interior (cytoplasm) from the environment

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

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9
Q

modification of cellular components to form a new structure, such as a spore

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

one of the three main evolutionary lineages of cells: the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya

A

Domain

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11
Q

the process by which information from DNA is copied into a new strand of DNA

A

DNA replication

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12
Q

a method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions

A

Enrichment culture technique

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13
Q

a protein (or in some cases an RNA) catalyst that functions to speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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14
Q

having a membrane-enclosed nucleus and various other membrane-enclosed organelles; cells of Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

a change over time in gene sequence and frequency within a population of organisms, resulting in descent with modification

A

Evolution

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16
Q

microorganisms that inhabit environments characterized by extremes of temperature, pH, pressure, or salinity

A

Extremophiles

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17
Q

an organism’s full complement of genes

A

Genome

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18
Q

a bacterial cell with a cell wall containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

A

gram-negative

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19
Q

a bacterial cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; it lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells

A

gram-positive

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20
Q

a differential staining procedure that stains cells either purple (gram-positive cells) or pink (gram-negative cells)

A

gram staining

21
Q

in microbiology, an increase in cell number with time

A

growth

22
Q

the microbial communities present in the animal gastrointestinal tract

A

gut microbiome

23
Q

the transfer of genes between cells through a process uncoupled from reproduction

A

horizontal gene transfer

24
Q

interactions between cells using chemical signals

A

intercellular communication

25
Q

a set of criteria for proving that a given microorganism causes a given disease

A

Koch’s postulates

26
Q

a polymer of monomeric units, for example proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids

A

macromolecules

27
Q

the optical enlargement of an image

A

magnification

28
Q

in microbiology, the liquid or solid nutrient mixture(s) used to grow microorganisms

A

medium

29
Q

all biochemical reactions in a cell

A

metabolism

30
Q

two or more populations of cells that coexist and
interact in a habitat

A

microbial community

31
Q

the study of
microorganisms in their natural
environments

A

microbial ecology

32
Q

an organism that is too
small to be seen by the unaided human eye

A

microorganisms

33
Q

the movement of cells by some form of self-propulsion

A

motility

34
Q

the aggregated mass of DNA that makes up the chromosome(s) of prokaryotic cells

A

nucleoids

35
Q

a membrane-enclosed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s DNA genome

A

nucleus

36
Q

a bilayer-membrane-enclosed structure such as the mitochondrion, found in eukaryotic cells

A

organelle

37
Q

a disease-causing microorganism

A

pathogen

38
Q

a diagram that depicts
the evolutionary history of organisms

A

phylogenetic tree

39
Q

the evolutionary history of
organisms

A

phylogeny

40
Q

an extrachromosomal genetic
element that is not essential for growth

A

plasmid

41
Q

lacking a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and other organelles; cells of
Bacteria or Archaea

A

prokaryotes

42
Q

a culture containing a single
kind of microorganism

A

pure culture

43
Q

the ability to distinguish two
objects as distinct and separate when
viewed under the microscope

A

resolution

44
Q

a structure composed of RNAs
and proteins upon which new proteins are
made

A

ribosomes

45
Q

the types of RNA
found in the ribosome

A

rRNA

46
Q

the hypothesis
that living organisms can originate from
nonliving matter

A

Spontaneous generation

47
Q

free of all living organisms (cells) and
viruses

A

sterile

48
Q

the synthesis of an RNA
molecule complementary to one of the two
strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Transcription

49
Q

the synthesis of protein by a
ribosome using the genetic information in a messenger RNA as a template

A

Translation

Microbiology (6 decks)

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