Exam 2 - Vocabulary

Question 1

in microbiology, an increase in cell number

Answer 1

Growth

Question 2

cell division following the enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size

Answer 2

Binary Fission

Question 3

the time required for a population of microbial cells to double

Answer 3

Generation Time

Question 4

a cell division process
whereby new cell material is produced from
a single point instead of along the entire cell

Answer 4

Budding Division

Question 5

an attached polysaccharide matrix
containing bacterial cells

Answer 5

Biofilms

Question 6

growth of a microbial
population in which cell numbers double
within a specific time interval

Answer 6

Exponential Growth

Question 7

a closed-system microbial
culture of fixed volume

Answer 7

Batch Culture

Question 8

a device that allows for the
continuous culture of microorganisms with independent control of both growth rate and cell number

Answer 8

Chemostat

Question 9

a nutrient solution
required for growing a laboratory culture of
a specific microorganism

Answer 9

Culture Media

Question 10

a culture medium for
which the exact composition is known

Answer 10

Defined Media

Question 11

a culture medium of
highly nutritious substances for which the
exact composition is unknown

Answer 11

Complex Media

Answer 12

Aseptic Technique

Question 13

a transporter that consists of only a membrane-
spanning protein and is typically driven by energy from the proton motive force

Answer 13

Simple Transport

Question 14

an energy-dependent transport system in which the substance transported is chemically modified during the process of being transported by a series of proteins

Answer 14

Group Translocationport System

Question 15

a membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one of which hydrolyzes ATP; the system transports specific nutrients into the cell

Answer 15

ABC (ATP-binding-casette) Transport

Question 16

biochemical reactions leading to energy
conservation (usually as ATP) by the cell

Answer 16

Catabolism

Question 17

an organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds

Answer 17

Chemoorganotroph

Question 18

an organism that can
grow with inorganic compounds as
electron donors in energy metabolism

Answer 18

Chemolithotroph

Question 19

organisms that use light as their source of energy

Answer 19

Phototroph

Question 20

an organism that uses organic compounds as a carbon source

Answer 20

Heterotroph

Question 21

an organism capable of biosynthesizing all cell material from CO2 as the sole carbon source

Answer 21

Autotroph

Question 22

the series of biosynthetic reactions by which most phototrophs and many chemolithotrophs convert CO2 into organic compounds

Answer 22

Calvin Cycle

Question 23

energy available to do work; G09 is free energy under standard conditions

Answer 23

Free energy

Question 24

a reaction that releases free energy

Answer 24

Exergonic

Question 25

a reaction that requires free energy

Answer 25

Endergonic

Question 26

the reduction of N2 to NH3 by the enzyme nitrogenase

Answer 26

Nitrogen Fixation

Question 27

the enzyme complex required to reduce N2 to NH3 in biological nitrogen fixation

Answer 27

Nitrogenase

Question 28

proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups

Answer 28

Cytochromes

Question 29

First pathway in the catabolism of glucose

Answer 29

Glycolysis

Question 30

Protein complexes embedded in the bacterial membrane that transport electrons and protons conserving energy

Answer 30

ETC

Question 31

Metabolic pathways that use energy

Answer 31

Anabolism

Question 32

Electron Acceptor

Answer 32

Chemical entity that receives electrons in a REDOX reaction

Question 33

Mixotrophy

Answer 33

Organism that uses organic compounds as carbon sources but inorganic compounds as electron donors for energy metabolism

Question 34

Glyoxylate cycle

Answer 34

A modification of the citric acid cycle in which isocitrate is cleaved to form succinate and glyoxylate during growth on two carbon electron donors

Question 35

Carboxysome

Answer 35

Polyhedral cell inclusions that improve the efficiency of RubisCO by maintaining high concentrations of CO2

Question 36

Phototaxis

Answer 36

Directed movement of an organisms toward or away from a light gradient

Question 37

Proton Motive Force

Answer 37

Source of energy derived from the electrochemical potential caused by the separation of protons from hydroxyl ions across the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 38

Turbidity

Answer 38

Reduction of light passing through a culture, can be calculated to estimate microbial abundance in liquid broth

Question 39

Quinone

Answer 39

Nonprotein electron carrier present in most electron transport chains

Question 40

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 40

Process of ATP synthesis that involves oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

Question 41

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 41

Generation of ATP from a phosphorylated organic molecule

Question 42

Flow cytometry

Answer 42

Based on fluidics, uses a laser to count cells that pass through a very small capillary.

Question 43

Dilution

Answer 43

Addition of a solvent to a microbial culture decreases the concentration of the microbial organism

Question 44

Anammox

Answer 44

NH4 + NO2- 🡪 N2 + 2H2O

Question 45

FADH2

Answer 45

Flavin adenine dinucleotide