Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 1

Organelles
Nucleus (stores DNA)
Mitochondria
Chloroplast

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Plasmids
Cell Wall
Nuceloid (stores DNA)

Question 3

Larger genome, less compact

Answer 3

Eukaryotes

Question 4

Smaller genome, more compact

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Question 5

Microorganisms are used to accelerate a clean-up process by adding microbes to a polluted environment or by stimulating indigenous microbes to accelerate the clean up process

Answer 5

Bioremediation

Question 6

Robert Hooke

Answer 6

Wrote Micrographia (1665)
Wrote the first description of microorganisms
Microscopic images of mold fruiting structures

Question 7

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 7

Made a simple microscope
He saw bacteria in water pepper infusions

Question 8

1st largest bacteria

Answer 8

Thiomargrita namibiensis
sulfur oxidizing chemolithotroph

Question 9

Epulopiscium fishleon

Answer 9

found in fish
multiple copies due to its large genome

Question 10

Bacteria Cytoplasmic Membrane vs Archaea Cytoplasmic Membrane

Answer 10

Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid
Weak; hopanoids
Ester linkages bonding fatty acids to glycerol

Ether bonds between diether or tetraether
Glyercol diether molecules form a lipid bilayer membrane and glycerol tetraether form a monolayer
Less fluid

Question 11

Bacteria Cell Wall vs Archaea Cell Wall

Answer 11

Peptidoglycan; cell wall component
Gram-positive: 90% peptidoglycan
Gram-negative: small amounts of peptidoglycan; outer membrane (LPS, protein & lipoproteins)

Pseudomuerin; cell wall component
B 1,3
Immune to lysozyme
S-layers

Question 12

Advantages of Archaea Cytoplasmic Membrane and Wall

Answer 12

Both the ether linkages and the monolayer structure are more rigid than the bilayer ester-linked
fatty acids and are more stable at high temperatures and pressures.

S-layers are resistant to osmotic pressure. Archaea tend to inhabit more extreme environments in
terms of temperature, pressure, and salt, thus the more stable membrane components allow
archaea to survive under these conditions.

Question 13

a. Storage
b. Movement
c. Attachment:
d. Communication:

Answer 13

granules
flagella, archaella
capsule
pilli

Question 14

S layer functions

Answer 14

allows passage of low molecular weight solutes
retains protein near the cell surface
retains periplasmic proteins and prevents drifting away

Question 15

Fimbriae

Answer 15

allows cells to stick to surfaces

Question 16

Pilli

Answer 16

facilitate genetic exchange
twitching motility

Question 17

Hamus

Answer 17

grapling hook

Question 18

Magnestomes

Answer 18

motility using a magnetic field