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My BDS3 > Microbiology - Candida > Flashcards

Microbiology - Candida Flashcards

1
Q

how does candida and bacteria interact?

A

creates a mycofilm (scaffold) for the bacteria

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2
Q

describe how candida and bacteria can cause dual resistance.

A

staph aureus (bacteria) coating itself with candida polymers

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3
Q

what are the main opportunistic pathogenic candida?(2)

A

Candida albicans

Candida glabrata

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4
Q

what candida is sensitive to fluconazole?

A

albicans

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5
Q

what candida is resistant to fluconazole and what is the problem associated with this?

A

C. glabrata not sensitive

if u give a patient with this fungi an ‘azole’ medication you are just suppressing everything else and allowing the glabrata to thrive.

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6
Q

what species of candidia have hyphae? (1)

A

albicans

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7
Q

describe how c.albicans causes candidiasis. (5)

A
  • penetrates with hyphae
  • Starts to form germ tubes
  • Produces an extracellular matrix and Creates a biofilm – adheres, hard to penetrate and remove from surfaces
  • They produce hydrolytic enzymes within the biofilm – phospholipase, haemolysin, proteinase (allows it to move through tissue)
  • Causes system candidiasis
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8
Q

what are the limitations of antifungals? (3)

A
  • Limited variety available
  • Some are toxic
  • There is resistance
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9
Q

name causes of fungal infections? (3)

A
  • Immunosuppression
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics - bacteria are suppressed which allow the fungi to thrive
  • Use of steroids
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10
Q

list the main types of candidiasis found in the mouth. (4)

A
  1. Pseudomembranous = thrush
  2. Erythematous = denture or HIV related
  3. Hyperplastic = candida leucoplakia (premalignant)
  4. Angular cheilitis
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11
Q

what candidal infection requires biopsy?

A

Chronic hyperplastic: candida leucoplakia

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12
Q

how is erythematosis candidiasis classified?

A

Newtons typing

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13
Q

describe the levels of newtons typing.

A

Newtons type I = localised inflam

NT II = diffuse inflam

NT III = widespread granular inflam

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14
Q

what types of candidosis occurs in conjunction with bacteria? (2)

A

Angular cheilitis

Erythematous

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of candidosis? (4)

A
  • Inflamed mucosa
  • Burning
  • Discomfort
  • Bad taste
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16
Q

how do we diagnose different types of candidosis?

pseudomembranous, localised and leukoplakia.

A

• For pseudomembranous candidiasis you can scrape it off and put it on a slide – if you see hyphae you know its albicans and you can use azoles.
- Standard procedure is to then give the patient an oral rinse

  • If there is localised inflammation– use a swap this is standard practice
  • Leukoplakia = take a biopsy and look at it histologically
17
Q

what agar dish is best to use and why?

A

Best to place the swab on a chromogenic agar plate as it shows you the specific organisms present by using different colours.

18
Q

what autoimmune disease causes people in their early 20’s to develop oral cancer?

A

APECED

19
Q

where is the autoimmune disease APECED found?

A

found in bottleneck countries such as Finland

20
Q

how do the ‘azole’ antifungals work? (3)

A
  • Fungistatic
  • work on ergosterol biosynthesis pathways.
  • Ineffective against biofilms
21
Q

name an example of a polyene antifungal?

A

nystatin

22
Q

how do polyene antifungals such as nystatin work?

A
  • Fungicidal

- act directly on the ergosterol by binding and cause pores = leaking of the cytoplasmic contents

23
Q

what should we use before prescribing antifungals?

A

Use chlorhexidine

24
Q

What happens if antifungals (azoles) are used inappropriately? (3)

A
  • Overexpression of molecules within the ergosterol biosynthesis pathways.
  • Overexpression of candida drug resistant pumps
  • Overexpression of multi drug resistant pumps
25
Q

name the virulence factors of candida (2)

A

hyphae for penetration
produces ECM

ECM:
dense = no penetration
produces polysaccharides and glucans

26
Q

name the features of an ECM that makes them resistant? (2)

A

dense - hard to penetrate

contains polysaccharides and glucans

27
Q

what anti fungal is safe to use in patients on warfarin?

A

nystatin

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