Diseases of Human Systems - pregnancy & perinatal health Flashcards

1
Q

what factors affect fertility?

A

age
smoking & alcohol
BMI
folic acid

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2
Q

Describe the physical changes that occur in pregnancy

A

Increased weigtht from increase in tissue size, fluid and blood volume.

lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes = GORD

Type 2 diabetes (those who were prone/high risk to developing)

Compression of the bowel and bladder

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3
Q

Describe the hormonal changes that occur in pregnancy

A

Increased oestrogen
Increased progesterone

These act on the kidney to increase plasma volume by 45%
(increase salt and water retention)

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4
Q

Describe the haematological changes that occur in pregnancy

A

Increased blood volume - compensates from loss at birth and prevents hypovolaemia.

No increase in Hb its just diluted from the increased volume of blood = artificial anaemia

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5
Q

Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur in pregnancy

A

Increased HR by 25% - from the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

Vascular compression of the vena cava and aorta beneath the uterus when lying supine

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6
Q

Describe the coagulation changes that occur in pregnancy

A

Increased turnover of clotting factors and fibrinolysis to allow the haemorrhagic changed during birth to be addresses rapidly = this increases the risk of DVT.

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7
Q

What foods should pregnant mothers avoid and why?

A

raw meat and fish - toxoplasmosis

non-pasteurised milk and cheese - listeria

raw eggs - salmonella

malin, tuna, shark = high mercury content

spicy foods/fried foods - worsens GORD

internal organs of slaughtered animals e.g. haggis

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8
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An interlinking mesh of blood vessels that allows the foetal circulation and maternal circulation to sit closely together and allow nutrients to diffuse but does not mix

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9
Q

What is the danger of the placenta?

A

Some toxins and infections can diffuse via the placental barrier (some can’t as the molecules are too big i.e. HIV )

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10
Q

If a mother has HIV how can we prevent the infection being passed to the child at birth?

A

as the foetal and maternal blood mixes during birth - we have to carry out a caesarean

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11
Q

Why is the umbilical chord clamped?

A

to allow the baby circulation to maintain its own oxygenation

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12
Q

What infectious diseases CAN be passed to babies at BIRTH?

A

HIV
HEP B
HEP C

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13
Q

what chronic diseases should the mother be screened for during pregnancy?

A

HT

Diabetes

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14
Q

what infectious diseases should the mother be screened for during pregnancy?

A

Rubella
Syphilis
HEP
HIV

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15
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

taking a sample of amniotic fluid from around the foetus, removing cells from the fluid and examining the genetic sequence within these cells.

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16
Q

What foetal tests are carried out in trimester 1?

A

ultrasound
Papp-P
Maternal hCG

17
Q

What foetal tests are carried out in trimester 2?

A

Ultrasound
AFP

  • follow up of abnormalities detected in T1
18
Q

What foetal tests are carried out at birth?

A

physical exam

hearing test

blood spot

APGAR

19
Q

What do we test for in a blood spot test at birth? (5)

A
CF
PKU
Congenital hypothyroidism 
sickle cell 
acyl coA dehydrogenase deficiency
20
Q

What does an APGAR test examine and when should it be taken?

A

@ 1 min
@ 5 min
= significant rise

A - activity = muscle tone

P - pulse > 100/min

G - grimace = reflex

A - appearance = colour

R - respiration rate

21
Q

What are the dental implications of pregnancy?

A

Free

Increased risk of gingivitis and periodontitis

Position mother on her side (pillow under her side)

drug interactions