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Dermatology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Factors that contribute to a microbes ability to cause a pathology

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2
Q

What is virulence?

A

How effective an organism is at causing a pathology

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3
Q

Give examples of virulence factors

A

Adhesin
Impedin
Aggressin

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4
Q

What does adhesin do?

A

Enables binding of the organism to host tissue (Adhesive=Adhesin)

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5
Q

What does impedin do?

A

Enables the organism to avoid host defence mechanisms

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6
Q

What does aggressin do?

A

Causes damage to the host directly

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7
Q

T/F most of the natural flora of the skin are gram -ve

A

False

They are mostly gram +ve

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8
Q

Where can gram -ve bacteria be found on the skin?

A

Underarm

Groin

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9
Q

What can staph aureus cause?

A

Superficial lesions
Systemic illness
Toxinoses

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10
Q

What are 2 types of toxinoses?

A

Toxic shock syndrome

Scalded skin syndrome

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11
Q

Is coagulase a virulence factor?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What does coagulase allow the organism to do?

A

Coagulate plasma

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13
Q

Are all virulence factors on an organism expressed at the same time?

A

No

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14
Q

What is TSST-1?

A

Toxic shock syndrome

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of TSST-1?

A 
High fever
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Sore throat
Muscle pain
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16
Q

What causes TSST-1?

A

Overstimulation of the immune system

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17
Q

How do toxins get in the blood stream in TSST-1?

A

Diffuse through the vaginal wall into the blood stream

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18
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for TSST-1?

A

Fever
Diffuse macular rash and desquamation
Hypotension
>3 organ systems involved

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19
Q

What do super antigens cause/

A

Massive release of cytokines and inappropriate immune response

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20
Q

What is PVL?

A

Panton-valentine-Leukocidin

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21
Q

What does PVL do?

A

Destroys leukocytes

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22
Q

Who has increased levels of PVL?

A

Patients with skin disease

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23
Q

List 3 defense mechanisms of intact skin:

A

Sebum and fatty acids inhibit bacterial growth
Competitive bacterial flora
Dry desiccation of micro-organisms

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24
Q

How is a diagnosis of a skin lesion made?

A

Swab of lesion if the surface is broken
Pus or tissue if deeper lesion
+/- blood cultures

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25
Q

Is Staphylococcus gram +ve or -ve?

A

+ve

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26
Q

Is staphylococcus aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic but faculatively anaerobic

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27
Q

Is Staph aureus coagulase +ve or -ve?

A

+ve

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28
Q

What can staph aureus cause?

A

Boils and carbuncles
Minor skin sepsis
Infected eczema
Impetigo

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29
Q

How can staph aureus infections be treated?

A

Flucloxacillin

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30
Q

What is the treatment for MRSA?

A

Doxycycline
Co-trimoxazole
Clinamycin
Vancomycin

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31
Q

What are some toxins that strains of staph aureus can produce?

A

Enterotoxin
TSST
PVL

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32
Q

Where is coagulase negative staph found?

A

Epidermis

33
Q

What is a strain of coag -ve staphylococci that causes UTIs in women?

A

Saprophyticus

34
Q

Is streptococcus gram +ve or -ve?

A

+ve

35
Q

How are streptococci classified?

A

Haemolysis on blood agar

36
Q

Which strep is Alpha haemolytic?

A

Strep pneumonia

Strep viridans

37
Q

Which strep is Beta haemolytic?

A

Group A step
-Step pyogenase
Group B
- Neonatal meningitis

38
Q

What can strep pyogenase cause?

A 
Infected eczema
Impetigo
Cellulits
Erysipelas
Necrotising fasciitis
39
Q

What is Necrotising fasciitis?

A

Bacterial infection spreading along fascial planes below skin surface leading to rapid tissue destruction

40
Q

What causes type 1 NF?

A

Mixed anaerobes and coliforms

41
Q

What causes type 2 NF?

A

Group A strep infection

42
Q

What is the treatment for NF?

A

Immediate surgery

43
Q

What strep causes gamma haemolysis?

A

Enterococci

44
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a fungal infection?

A

Fungus enters abraded or soggy skin
Hyphae spread in stratum corneum
Infects keratinised tissues only
Increased epidermal turnover causing scaling
Inflammatory response provoked
Hair follicles and shafts invaded
Lesions grow outwards and heal in centre giving ring appearance

45
Q

What is the name for fungal infections in:

  • Ringworm
  • Scalp
  • Beard
  • Body
  • Hand
  • Nails
  • Groin
  • Foot
A 
Tinea = ringworm
Tinea capitis = scalp
Tinea barbae = beard
Tinea corporis = body
Tinea manuum = hand
Tinea ungium = nails
Tinea cruris = groin
Tinea pedis = foot
46
Q

Which gender is more commonly affected by Fungal infections?

A

Men

47
Q

Who does scalp ringworm mainly affect?

A

Children

48
Q

How are fungal infection aquired?

A

Other infected humans
Animals
Soil

49
Q

How are fungal infections diagnosed?

A

Clinical appearance
Woods light
Skin scrapings, nail clippings and hair

50
Q

What is the treatment of fungal infections?

A 
Small areas:
-Clotrimazole cream
-Topical nail paint
Scalp infections
-Oral terbinafine
-Itraconazole orally
51
Q

Where do candida infections usually occur?

A

Skin folds where area is warm and moist
Under breast in females
Groin areas
Nappy areas

52
Q

How are candida infections diagnosed?

A

Swab for culture

53
Q

How are candida infections treated?

A

Clotrimazole cream

Oral Fluconazole

54
Q

What organism causes scabies?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

55
Q

What is the incubation period for scabies?

A

Up to 6 weeks

56
Q

What are the symptoms of scabies?

A

Intensely itchy rash affecting finger webs, wrists and genital area

57
Q

What is the treatment of scabies?

A

Overnight malathion lotion

Benzyl benzoate

58
Q

What is the name for Lice in the:

  • Head
  • Body
  • Pubic area?
A

Head - Pediculus capitis
Body - Pediculus corporis (Vagabond’s disease)
Pubic - Phthirus pubis

59
Q

What is the treatment for lice?

A

Malathion

60
Q

What causes chickenpox and shingles?

A

Varicella zoster virus

61
Q

What part of varicella zoster is chickenpox?

A

Varicella

62
Q

Who gets chickenpox?

A

Children

63
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chicken pox?

A

Generalised rash, itch and fever

Macules to papules to vesicles to scabs to recovery

64
Q

What are the complications of chickenpox?

A 
Secondary bacterial infection
Pneumonitis
Haemorrhagic
Scarring
Encephalitis
65
Q

How does neonatal VSV occur?

A

Secondary to chickenpox in mother in late pregnancy

66
Q

Which part of VSV is shingles?

A

Herpes zoster

67
Q

How does shingles occur?

A

Reactivation of VSV

68
Q

Who gets shingles?

A

Elderly

Immunocompromised

69
Q

What is the distribution of shingles?

A

Dermatomal distribution

70
Q

What is ramsay-hunt syndrome?

A

Vesicles and pain in auditory canal and throat
Facial palsy of the 7th nerve
Irritation of Vestibulocochlear nerve causing deafness, vertigo and tinnitus

71
Q

How many types of Herpes simplex virys are there?

A

2

72
Q

What does HSV 1 cause?

A

Main cause of oral lesions

Causes half of genital lesions

73
Q

What does HSV type 2 cause?

A

Rare cause of oral lesions

Causes half of genital lesions

74
Q

How is HSV treated?

A

Aciclovir

75
Q

How is HSV confirmed?

A

Swab with viral transport medium

Antibody tests

76
Q

What is eythema multiforme?

A

Target lesions with erythema

77
Q

What can tirgger erythema multiforme?

A

Drug reactions

HSV infections

78
Q

What does molluscum contagiosum look like?

A

Fleshy, firm, umbilicated, pearlescent nodules

1 to 2 mm in diameter

Dermatology (13 decks)

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