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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

T/F the skin is an immunological system?

A

True

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2
Q

What 4 factors contribute to the skin being an immunological system?

A 
Structure
-Keratin layer
-Stratification
Cell types
-Immune cells
-Keratinocytes
Cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and antimicrobial peptides
Genetics
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3
Q

What are the four main immune response categories?

A 
Normal immune response 
-Infection controlled
Hypersensitivity 
-Overreacting to antigen
Immunodeficiency
-Infection not controlled
Autoimmunity
-Reaction to host tissue
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4
Q

What is another name for the keratin layer?

A

Stratum corneum

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5
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Sense pathogens throught he cell surface receptors and help mediate an immune response

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6
Q

What can activate keratinocytes?

A

UV light

Sensitizers

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7
Q

What do keratinocytes produce to directly kill pathogens?

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

In which disease are AMPs found in high levels?

A

Psoriasis

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9
Q

What do keratinocytes produce that recruits and regulates cells of the immune system?

A

Cytokines and chemokines

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10
Q

What are the main skin resident immune cells?

A

Langerhan’s cells

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11
Q

What characterizes Langerhan’s cells?

A

Birbeck granule

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12
Q

What do birbeck granules do?

A

Act as sentinels in the epidermis

Process lipid antigens and present them to effector T cells to activate them

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13
Q

Where in the skin are T cells found?

A

Dermis and Epidermis

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14
Q

T/F healthy skin contains a large number of T cells

A

True

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15
Q

Which T cells are mainly found in the epidermis?

A

CD8+ T cells

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16
Q

Which T cells are found in the dermis?

A

Both CD4 and CD8

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17
Q

Which CD4+ T cells are associated with psoriasis?

A

Th1

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18
Q

Which CD4+ T cells are associated with Atopic dermatitis?

A

TH2

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19
Q

Which CD4+ cells are associated with both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis?

A

TH17

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20
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

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21
Q

Where do T cells become sensitized?

A

In the thymus

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22
Q

What do TH1 cells do and how?

A

Activate macrophages to destroy microorganisms

Release of IL2, IFNy

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23
Q

What do TH2 cells do and how?

A

Help B cells produce antibodies

Release of IL,4,5 and 6

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24
Q

What is the function of CD8 T cells?

A

Can kill infected cells directly

Important protection against viruses and cancer

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25
What are the 2 types of dendritic cell found in the dermis?
Dermal DC | Plasmacytoid DC
26
What do Dermal DCs do?
Involved in antigen presenting and secreting chemo/cytokines
27
What do plasmacytod DCs do?
Produce INFa
28
Where are plasmacytoid DCs found?
In diseased skin
29
What are other cells found in the dermis?
Macrophages Neutrophils Mast cells
30
Where are mast cells found?
In barriers
31
What are mast cells effectors of?
IgE immune response
32
What causes activation of mast cells?
IgE binfing
33
What inflammatory mediators do mast cells release?
Tryptase, chymase, TNF, histmaine IL (3,4,6,8,13,16,18) IFNy PDG2, PGE2
34
What does MHC stand for?
Major Histocompatibility complex
35
What chromosome is MHC a region of?
Chromosome 6
36
How many classes of MHC are there?
2
37
Where is class 1 MHC found?
On almost all cells
38
What are the functions of class 1 MHC?
Present antigen to cytotoxic T cells Presents host antigen to T cell to prevent killing Presents altered host antigen to T Cell if damaged for killing
39
Where are MHC class 2 found?
B cells | Macrophages
40
What T cells do MHC2 present to?
T helper cells
41
What antigens do MHC2 present?
Exogenous antigens
42
What triggers psoriasis?
Environmental and genetic factors
43
Are psoraitic plaques reversible?
Yes
44
What type of immune response is shown in psoriasis?
Non-ending super-accelerated phase 2 immune response
45
What happens when minor trauma occurs when the body has genetic variants that increase wound healing?
Minor trauma to the skin or hair growth can trigger the inflammatory pathway
46
True/False Psoriasis is heterozygous
False | Its homozygous
47
What % of the population are affected by psoriasis?
2-3%
48
Which type of people are most affected by atopic eczema?
Children
49
What mutation is present in 1/2 of eczema patients?
Fillagrin gene mutation
50
What are the two factors of eczema?
Loose skin barrier | Overactive immune response to allergens and microbes
51
What 6 things does autoimmunity include?
``` Lymphocyte abnormalities Intercell communication Genetic predisposition Anatomic alterations Hormonal influence Infection ```
52
Name 3 autoimmune conditions that affect the skin?
SLE Psoriasis Vitiligo
53
What is the mechanism behind SLE?
Faulted apoptosis of cells leads to an accumulation of host DNA This overwhelms the system and leads to the formation of autoantibodies to DNA
54
What is the main trigger in SLE?
UV exposure
55
What are the two branches of immunodeficiency?
Primary | Secondary
56
Which is inherited, primary or secondary immunodeficiency?
Primary
57
What are some causes of secondary immunodeficiency?
``` AIDs Malignancy Aging Diabetes Renal malfunction Burns Alcoholic cirrhosis Malnutrition ```
58
What mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity?
IgE
59
Briefly describe Type 1 hypersensitivity
Early exposure to allergen causes the production of IgE, which binds to FcR1 receptor on mast cells Later exposure causes rapid crosslinking of the receptors, signal transduction and degranulation of the mast cell
60
What mediates Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities?
IgM and IgG
61
What mediates Type 4 hypersensitivity?
TH1 cells
62
Is Type 4 hypersensitivity delayed?
Yes
63
What does aging do to the skin?
``` Changes in skin structure Decreased ability to detect: -Malignant cells -Antigens -Self-Vs non-self ```

Dermatology (13 decks)

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