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Dermatology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

T/F the skin is an immunological system?

A

True

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2
Q

What 4 factors contribute to the skin being an immunological system?

A 
Structure
-Keratin layer
-Stratification
Cell types
-Immune cells
-Keratinocytes
Cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and antimicrobial peptides
Genetics
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3
Q

What are the four main immune response categories?

A 
Normal immune response 
-Infection controlled
Hypersensitivity 
-Overreacting to antigen
Immunodeficiency
-Infection not controlled
Autoimmunity
-Reaction to host tissue
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4
Q

What is another name for the keratin layer?

A

Stratum corneum

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5
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Sense pathogens throught he cell surface receptors and help mediate an immune response

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6
Q

What can activate keratinocytes?

A

UV light

Sensitizers

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7
Q

What do keratinocytes produce to directly kill pathogens?

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

In which disease are AMPs found in high levels?

A

Psoriasis

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9
Q

What do keratinocytes produce that recruits and regulates cells of the immune system?

A

Cytokines and chemokines

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10
Q

What are the main skin resident immune cells?

A

Langerhan’s cells

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11
Q

What characterizes Langerhan’s cells?

A

Birbeck granule

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12
Q

What do birbeck granules do?

A

Act as sentinels in the epidermis

Process lipid antigens and present them to effector T cells to activate them

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13
Q

Where in the skin are T cells found?

A

Dermis and Epidermis

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14
Q

T/F healthy skin contains a large number of T cells

A

True

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15
Q

Which T cells are mainly found in the epidermis?

A

CD8+ T cells

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16
Q

Which T cells are found in the dermis?

A

Both CD4 and CD8

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17
Q

Which CD4+ T cells are associated with psoriasis?

A

Th1

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18
Q

Which CD4+ T cells are associated with Atopic dermatitis?

A

TH2

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19
Q

Which CD4+ cells are associated with both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis?

A

TH17

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20
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

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21
Q

Where do T cells become sensitized?

A

In the thymus

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22
Q

What do TH1 cells do and how?

A

Activate macrophages to destroy microorganisms

Release of IL2, IFNy

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23
Q

What do TH2 cells do and how?

A

Help B cells produce antibodies

Release of IL,4,5 and 6

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24
Q

What is the function of CD8 T cells?

A

Can kill infected cells directly

Important protection against viruses and cancer

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of dendritic cell found in the dermis?

A

Dermal DC

Plasmacytoid DC

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26
Q

What do Dermal DCs do?

A

Involved in antigen presenting and secreting chemo/cytokines

27
Q

What do plasmacytod DCs do?

A

Produce INFa

28
Q

Where are plasmacytoid DCs found?

A

In diseased skin

29
Q

What are other cells found in the dermis?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Mast cells

30
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

In barriers

31
Q

What are mast cells effectors of?

A

IgE immune response

32
Q

What causes activation of mast cells?

A

IgE binfing

33
Q

What inflammatory mediators do mast cells release?

A

Tryptase, chymase, TNF, histmaine
IL (3,4,6,8,13,16,18)
IFNy
PDG2, PGE2

34
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex

35
Q

What chromosome is MHC a region of?

A

Chromosome 6

36
Q

How many classes of MHC are there?

A

2

37
Q

Where is class 1 MHC found?

A

On almost all cells

38
Q

What are the functions of class 1 MHC?

A

Present antigen to cytotoxic T cells
Presents host antigen to T cell to prevent killing
Presents altered host antigen to T Cell if damaged for killing

39
Q

Where are MHC class 2 found?

A

B cells

Macrophages

40
Q

What T cells do MHC2 present to?

A

T helper cells

41
Q

What antigens do MHC2 present?

A

Exogenous antigens

42
Q

What triggers psoriasis?

A

Environmental and genetic factors

43
Q

Are psoraitic plaques reversible?

A

Yes

44
Q

What type of immune response is shown in psoriasis?

A

Non-ending super-accelerated phase 2 immune response

45
Q

What happens when minor trauma occurs when the body has genetic variants that increase wound healing?

A

Minor trauma to the skin or hair growth can trigger the inflammatory pathway

46
Q

True/False Psoriasis is heterozygous

A

False

Its homozygous

47
Q

What % of the population are affected by psoriasis?

A

2-3%

48
Q

Which type of people are most affected by atopic eczema?

A

Children

49
Q

What mutation is present in 1/2 of eczema patients?

A

Fillagrin gene mutation

50
Q

What are the two factors of eczema?

A

Loose skin barrier

Overactive immune response to allergens and microbes

51
Q

What 6 things does autoimmunity include?

A 
Lymphocyte abnormalities
Intercell communication
Genetic predisposition
Anatomic alterations
Hormonal influence
Infection
52
Q

Name 3 autoimmune conditions that affect the skin?

A

SLE
Psoriasis
Vitiligo

53
Q

What is the mechanism behind SLE?

A

Faulted apoptosis of cells leads to an accumulation of host DNA
This overwhelms the system and leads to the formation of autoantibodies to DNA

54
Q

What is the main trigger in SLE?

A

UV exposure

55
Q

What are the two branches of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary

Secondary

56
Q

Which is inherited, primary or secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Primary

57
Q

What are some causes of secondary immunodeficiency?

A 
AIDs
Malignancy
Aging
Diabetes
Renal malfunction
Burns
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Malnutrition
58
Q

What mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

59
Q

Briefly describe Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Early exposure to allergen causes the production of IgE, which binds to FcR1 receptor on mast cells
Later exposure causes rapid crosslinking of the receptors, signal transduction and degranulation of the mast cell

60
Q

What mediates Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities?

A

IgM and IgG

61
Q

What mediates Type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

TH1 cells

62
Q

Is Type 4 hypersensitivity delayed?

A

Yes

63
Q

What does aging do to the skin?

A 
Changes in skin structure
Decreased ability to detect:
-Malignant cells
-Antigens
-Self-Vs non-self

Dermatology (13 decks)

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