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Y2 DERMATOLOGY > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Define ‘virulence’

A

The ability of an organism to cause disease within a host

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2
Q

Name 5 virulence factors

A 
Adhesin
Impedin
Invasin
Aggressin
Modulin
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3
Q

What are adhesins?

A

Bacterial cell surface components that help the organism stick/adhere to host tissue

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4
Q

What are invasins?

A

Enable organisms to invade host tissue

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5
Q

What are impedins?

A

Help the organism avoid the defence/immune response in host tissue

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6
Q

What are aggressins?

A

Cause direct damage to host tissue + immune cells, affecting the host’s ability to cope with disease in the future

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7
Q

What are modulins?

A

Cause indirect damage to the host by turning the immune system in on itself (host’s immune system causes damage to host tissue)

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8
Q

The nasal strain of Staph. aureus can protect the mucosa. True/False?

A

True

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9
Q

Staph. epidermidis can occupy up to 100% of our skin. True/False?

A

True

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10
Q

Where is the most common entry of Staph. aureus into the body?

A

Nasal entry

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11
Q

Name the 3 particularly important virulence factors of Staph. aureus disease

A

Fibrinogen-binding protein (adhesin)
Leukocidin (kills leukocytes)
TSST-1 (toxin)

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12
Q

Every strain of Staph. aureus carries every virulence factor. True/False?

A

False

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13
Q

Which 2 severe skin diseases is leukocidin associated with?

A

Necrotising fasciitis

Recurrent furunculosis

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14
Q

Leukocidin is more virulent in hospital-acquired MRSA than community-acquired. True/False?

A

False

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15
Q

Give an example of a superantigen released by MRSA

A

TSST-1 (toxic shock)

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16
Q

How exactly do superantigens avoid specific T-cell activation?

A

Bind to MHC II complex on the outside, i.e. not the conventional binding groove

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17
Q

Name 3 skin infections caused by Strep. pyogenes

A

Impetigo
Cellulitis
Necrotising fasciitis

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18
Q

How does the Lancefield system classify different subtypes of Step. pyogenes?

A

M-protein

M1 and M3 are predominant; M3 and M18 cause severe, invasive disease

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19
Q

Which 2 virulence factors are particularly important as adhesins for Strep. pyogenes disease?

A 
Hyaluronic acid (sticky capsule)
CD44 +ve keratinocytes
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20
Q

The bigger the capsule, the less virulent an organism is. True/False?

A

False

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21
Q

Where does impetigo usually affect?

A

Face

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22
Q

Where in the body is Strep. pyogenes normally found?

A

Throat

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23
Q

Which strain of Staph aureus commonly produces abscesses and boils, usually affecting numerous family members at once?

A

PVL (panton valentine leukocidin)

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24
Q

Which group of Strep causes throat and severe skin infections?

A

Group A

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25
Q

Which bacteria cause impetigo?

A

Staph aureus

Group A Strep

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26
Q

Which bacteria tends to cause nectrotising fasciitis?

A

Group A Strep (pyogenes)

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27
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Staph aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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28
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Strep pyogenes?

A

Penicillin

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29
Q

What is necrotising fasciitis?

A

Bacterial infection spreading under the skin into fascia

30
Q

What is the nickname of necrotising fasciitis?

A

Flesh-eating bacterial disease

31
Q

Type I necrotising fasciitis is caused by Group A Strep. True/False?

A

FalseType I = mixed anaerobes and coliformsType II = group A Strep

32
Q

What is the most common skin fungal infection caused by?

A

Ringworm (Tinea)

33
Q

Tinea pedis is another name for what?

A

Athlete’s foot

34
Q

How is dermatophyte infection caused?

A

Fungus enters abraded skin and infects keratinised tissue, provoking inflammation and outward lesioning

35
Q

Which organism is the most common cause of dermatophyte infection?

A

Trichophyton rubrum

36
Q

How are small areas of dermatophyte infection treated?

A 
Clotrimazole cream
Nail paint (amorlfine)
37
Q

How are dermatophyte scalp infections treated?

A

Terbinafine oral

Itraconzole oral

38
Q

Which parasite causes scabies?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

39
Q

Incubation of the scabies parasites takes up to how long?

A

6 weeks

40
Q

How is scabies treated?

A 
Permethrin cream
Benzyl benzoate (not in children)
41
Q

Chickenpox and shingles are due to which virus?

A

Varicella zoster

42
Q

Where does varicella zoster become dormant following chickenpox?

A

Dorsal root ganglia of spine

43
Q

Chickenpox can cause pneumonitis and encephalitis. True/False?

A

True

44
Q

What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?

A

Reactivation of VZV in CN VII

Causes vesicles and pain in auditory canal and throat

45
Q

What does herpes simplex virus cause around the mouth?

A

Primary gingivostomatitis

Extensive ulceration

46
Q

What is the treatment of choice for varicella zoster and herpes simplex virus?

A

Aciclovir

47
Q

Which virus tends to cause warts?

A

Human papilloma virus

48
Q

Which treatment is effective for warts?

A

Salicylic acid

Liquid nitrogen

49
Q

Which bacterium causes syphilis? What are the signs?

A

Treponema pallidum

Red rash all over body and chancre (painless ulcers)

50
Q

How is syphilis treated?

A

Penicillin injections

51
Q

What is the most severe form of MRSA?

A

PVL

52
Q

What are the signs of impetigo? How is it treated?

A

Discharge, golden yellow crust, painful

Topical antbiotics

53
Q

What are the signs of cellulitis? How is it treated?

A

Fever, rigors, nausea, red and swollen rash

Flucloxicillin 3 times a day

54
Q

What are the signs of fascitis? How is it treated?

A

Pain, fever, purple skin

Immediate surgical debridement and antibiotics

55
Q

What is the treatment of choice for MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

Doxycycline

56
Q

What are the signs of dermatophyte ringworm? How is it treated?

A

Ring shaped rash
Hair loss

Clotrimazole, terbinafine cream

57
Q

Where is candida typically found? How is it managed?

A

Warm, moist skin folds

Clotrimazole cream, oral fluconazole

58
Q

What are the signs of scabies?

A

Intensely itchy, red, linear rash particularly on the wrists and elbows
Highly contagious

59
Q

What is the main sign of lice? How is it treated?

A

Intense itch

Malathion lotion overnight

60
Q

What are the main signs of chickenpox?

A 
Generalised rash and fever
Centripetal distribution
Inflamed skin
Itch
Typically, in children
61
Q

How does shingles arise? What are the signs?

A

Reactivation of zoster
Tingling/ sharp pain, erythema, vesicles, crusts in a DERMATOMAL pattern
Often no visible rash

62
Q

What cranial nerves are affected by shingles?

A 
Opthalmic zoster (CNV1)
Shingles (CNV1/2)
63
Q

HSV Type 1 is typically the genital form. True/ False?

A

False

Type 1 is the oral form and type 2 is genital

64
Q

Erythema multiforme is triggered by…

A

Drugs

Infections - HSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae

65
Q

What are the signs of molluscum contagiousm? How is it treated?

A

Fleshy, firm, pearlescent nodules

Local liquid nitrogen if symptoms

66
Q

Hand foot and mouth disease is caused by what virus?

A

Enteroviruses

67
Q

Erythema infectiousm is also known as? What virus causes it?

A

Slapped cheek disease

Parovirus B19

68
Q

An orf is usually caught from what animal? What does it look like? How is it treated?

A

Sheep
Firm fleshy nodule on hands of farmers
Self-limiting

69
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae typically presents as SOB and a productive cough. True/ False?

A

False

Usually presents with fever and an erythematous target-shaped skin lesion

70
Q

How is mycoplasma pneumoniae typically treated?

A

Doxycycline

Y2 DERMATOLOGY (12 decks)

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