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Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial conjuncitivits presents as

A

pus
red
crusty
painful

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2
Q

What is the cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates

A

chlamydia
gonorrhoea
staph aureus
(from coming out of the birth canal)

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3
Q

What is the cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults

A

staph aureus
H. influenza
strep pneumonia

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4
Q

What is the investigation for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

swab for culture with local anaesthetic before

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5
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

topical Abx - chloramphenicol QD

- fusidic acid if allergic

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6
Q

What does viral conjunctivitis present as

A

red
watery
painful

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7
Q

What is the causes of viral conjunctivitis

A

adenovirus - most common, usually from an URTI
HSV
HZV

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8
Q

What sign is usually present in viral conjunctivitis caused by HZV

A

hutchinson’s sign

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9
Q

What is Hutchinson’s sign

A

tip of the nose involvement, shows nasociliary nerve involvement

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10
Q

What is the investigation for viral conjunctivitis

A

viral swab - not always needed

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11
Q

What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis

A

adeno and HSV = self limiting

HZV - aciclovir (within 72hrs)

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12
Q

What does chlamydial conjunctivitis present as

A

chronic
bilateral red eye that doesn’t respond to treatment
follicles (rice grains) on undersurface of upper eyelid
scarring of undersurface of eyelid
may also have urethritis/vaginitis

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13
Q

What is the investigation for chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

contact tracing

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14
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

topical oxytetracycline

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15
Q

What does bacterial keratitis present as

A

v painful
red
may have hypopyon

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16
Q

What is bacterial keratitis associated with

A

contact lens wearers
corneal damage Hx
dry eyes

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17
Q

What is a hypopyon

A

white cell infiltrates present in the anterior chamber that leaves a white meniscus

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18
Q

What is the cause of bacterial keratitis

A

staph aureus

acanthamoeba/pseudomonas in contact lens wearers

19
Q

What is the investigation for bacterial keratitis

A

corneal scrape

acanthamoeba - microscopy/culture

20
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial keratitis

A

admission for hourly drops
ofloxacin
if resistant - gentamicin and cefuroxime

21
Q

What is the cause of herpetic keratitis

A

HSV

22
Q

What is the major complication of herpetic keratitis

A

dendritic ulcer

23
Q

How is a dendritic ulcer seen

A

on immunofluorescence with a blue light

24
Q

What is the treatment for herpetic keratitis

A

aciclovir

25
Q

What must not be given in herpetic keratitis

A

steroids

this will cause thinning of the cornea if there is a dendritic ulcer and cause the cornea to burst

26
Q

What is the cause of adenoviral keratitis

A

adenovirus usually from URTI

27
Q

What is the presentation of adenoviral keratitis

A

bilateral

contagious

28
Q

What is the treatment for adenoviral keratitis

A

can get abx prophylaxis to prevent secondary infection

steroids may speed up recovery

29
Q

Orbital cellulitis is caused by

A

extension from a paranasal infection most commonly
extension from a facial orbital infection
post-op

30
Q

What does orbital cellulitis present as

A

v painful
swollen
proptosis if severe
pyrexia

31
Q

What is a major complication of orbital cellulitis

A

compartment syndrome - compresses the nerve and causes loss of vision

32
Q

what is the investigation for orbital cellulitis

A

CT

33
Q

What is the treatment for orbital cellulitis

A

v broad spectrum Abx
cover - coliform, staph, strep, anaerobes, H. influenza
may need drainage

34
Q

What is endophthalmitis

A

inflammation of the entire globe

35
Q

What is the cause of endophthalmitis

A

surgery/endogenous

staph epidermidis usually

36
Q

What is the presentation of endophthalmitis

A 
v painful 
v red
reduced vision 
sudden onset
sight threatening
37
Q

What is the investigation for endophthalmitis

A

aqueous humour/vitreous humour for culture

38
Q

What is the treatment for endophthalmitis

A

amakacin/vancomycin + topical abx

39
Q

What is chorioretinitis

A

inflammation at the back of the eye

40
Q

What is the cause of chorioretinitis

A 
CMV in AIDs
toxoplasma gondii (protozoa from cats)
toxoplasma canis (worm from cats/dogs)
41
Q

What is the investigation for toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasma canis

A

serology

42
Q

What is the cause of dacrocystitis

A

blockage of the lacrimal canaliculi causes a build up of lacrimal fluid which leads to infection

43
Q

What is the treatment for dacrocystitis

A

penicillin

Ophthalmology (8 decks)

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