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immunology > microbiology 5 > Flashcards

microbiology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

_____Forms mesh like exoskeleton but is porous enough to allow diffusion of metabolites

A

peptidoglycan

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2
Q

peptidoglycan can interfere with_____, is mitogenic for _____ and has_____ activity

A

phagocytosis

lymphocyte

pyrogenic

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3
Q

b1-4 bond can be degraded by ______

A

lysosome

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4
Q

Precursor form of the peptide (in peptidoglycan) has an extra ______, which is released during the ________ step

A

D-ala

cross linking

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5
Q

(in peptidoglycan) Prefabricated subunits are ________

A

assembled on the inside of the cell.

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6
Q

In Gram-positive bacteria, how does it have a strong rigid cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan forms multiple layers and often cross linked in 3 dimensions to give strong rigid cell wall

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7
Q

what is the acidic polysaccharide present in cell wall of bacteria

A

Teichoic acid

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8
Q

what is the coiled portion of the cell membrane

A

the mesosome

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9
Q

the cell wall Contains ______ or_______ phosphate residues

A

glycerophosphate

ribitol

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10
Q

what charge is the cell wall?

A

negatively charged

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11
Q

what are the Glycerol containing acids that are bound to membrane lipids of Gram-positives

A

lipoteichoic acids

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12
Q

proteins form part of the ______

A

cell wall

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13
Q

what are the actions of M protein of Group A Streptococcus?

A
  • Present as fine processes called fimbriae

- Protects bacteria from phagocytosis

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14
Q

what are the actions of Protein A of S. aureus?

A
  • Binds Fc region of IgG

- Competes with neutrophil receptors for the Fc region of opsonising antibodies

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15
Q

what part of gram negative bacteria cell walls accounts for 5-10% only of its weight?

A

in the periplasmic space between the CM and the inner surface of the outer membrane

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16
Q

Periplasmic space contains _______

A

a variety of hydrolytic enzymes necessary to break down large macromolecules for metabolism

17
Q

what are the enzymes in the periplasmic space?

A

phosphatases, lipases, nucleases and carbohydrate degrading enzymes

18
Q

which system do bacterial cells use to sense its outside environment?

A

the chemotaxis system.

19
Q

some components of the chemotaxis system is found in the ______

A

periplasmic space

20
Q

In pathogenic bacteria, there will be virulence factors such as ____, _____, _______, and _______

A

collagenases, hyaluronidases, proteases and beta-lactamase.

21
Q

outer membrane is unique to _______ prokaryotes

A

gram-negative prokaryotes

22
Q

_____maintains structure and forms permeability barrier to large molecules. e.g. lysosome

A

the outer membrane of gram negative prokaryotes.

23
Q

the outer membrane of prokaryotes Provides______

A

Provides protection from adverse environmental conditions such as the human digestive system

24
Q

_____ is an amphipathic molecule known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

the outer membrane of gram negative prokaryotes.

25
Q

how are lipopolysaccharides powerful stimulators if the immune response?

A
  • Activates B cells
  • activates macrophages
  • Stimulated to release IL1 and 6, tumour necrosis factor
26
Q

what happens if large amounts of LPS is present

A

septic shock and multi organ failure

27
Q

what are the three structural sections of LPS.?

A
  • Lipid A
  • Core polysaccharide
  • O polysaccharide
28
Q

list 4 features of Lipid A anchored in the membrane. (component of LPS)

A
  • Is responsible for the endotoxic activity.
  • Very toxic to host
  • Released in large quantities when cells die
  • Consists of 6 fatty acid chains and 2 glucosamine residues
29
Q

list 3 features of core polysaccharide (component of LPS)

A
  • Branched and contains 9-12 sugars
  • Contains unusual sugar 2 keto-3-deoxy-octanate (KDO)
  • Core region constant for many species of bacteria
30
Q

Membrane pores act as transport proteins for larger metabolites like what?
list 4

A

Maltose

Oligosaccharides

Vitamin B12

Nucleosides

31
Q

membrane pores are hydrophilic (true/false)

A

true

32
Q

membrane pores are more sensitive to antibiotics (true/false)

A

false

33
Q

list the steps of gram staining.

A

fixation

crystal violet staining

iodine treatment.

decolourization (ethanol)

counter staining (safranin)

34
Q

_____bacteria interferes with phagocytosis

A

acid fast bacteria.

35
Q

what is a type of acid fact bacteria?

A

mycobacterium

36
Q

list 2 features of mycobacterium

A
  • Have a peptidoglycan layer attached to an arabinogalactan polymer
  • Surrounded by a wax-like lipid coat of mycolic acid, cord factor and wax D
37
Q

list 4 bacteria cell wall function.

A
  • Characteristic shape
  • Protection
  • Transport mechanisms
  • Aids pathogenicity
38
Q

list 2 advantages of cell wall to man

A
  • Classification

- Provides selective toxicity for anti-microbials

immunology (8 decks)

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