immunology (microbiology 1) Flashcards
list unique stuff about prokaryotes
DNA not enclosed in membrane, circular and supercoiled
DNA not associated with histones and low protein content
No organelles
Divide by binary fission
Form biofilms
Complex cell wall
70S ribosomes
list unique stuff about eukaryotes
Discrete nucleus with nuclear membrane
Linear genetic material
DNA has high histone content and non-histone proteins
Organelles
Divide by mitosis and meiosis
Simple cell wall if present
80S ribosomes
how is bacteria classification done now?
Clarified now by genotyping
list methods of bacterial classification.
list 3
Taxonomy and classification based originally on phenotypic and metabolic behaviour
G-C content has also been used
Clarified now by genotyping
Binomial system used for classifying _________, __________, __________ and _________
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses
who made the Description of fruiting bodies of moulds drawings.
in what year
Robert Hooke
1664
Who used simple microscope and
described ‘wee animalcules’
and what year
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
1684
three things that Louis Pasteur did?
disproved the ‘spontaneous regeneration’ theory
demonstrate heat sterilisation
also developed vaccines
Three things that Robert Koch did
Demonstrated that microorganisms cause disease
Developed a set of postulates
Developed culture media for growing bacteria
Bacteria, and protozoa visible using __________________
what is the size
Bacteria, and protozoa visible using light microscope
Greater than 0.3μm
Viruses only visualised by ____________________ , ___________________ μm
Viruses only visualised by electron microscopy
0.01 – 0.30 μm
what are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
One of the major differences between them is the presence of membrane – bound organelles, including the nucleus in eukaryotes
list types of prokaryotes?
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea thrive in _______________________ environments
extreme environments hot springs, freezing water, highly salty, acidic,. and alkaline environments
list the organisms under eukaryotes.
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Eukaryotes evolved and gained three things?
namely
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Internal membranes
Eukaryotes bound nucleus by ___________
endosymbiosis or (endosymbiotic hypothesis)
_______________incorporated into cells led to photosynthesis
Phototrophic bacteria
__________ gives energy in exchange for safety
Mitochondria
Within both prokaryotes and eukaryotes we see considerable microbial diversity of: list 4
Structure
Function
Behaviour
Adaptation
what Systematic nomenclature IS USED TO CLASSIFY bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses
THE Binomial system
How is Binomial system do?
Genus first, always with a capital letter, e.g. Escherichia
Species follows with no capital, e.g. coli
Short form E. coli or E. coli
Names always written in italics or underlined
Gene sequencing of 16S or 18S ribosomal RNA enables _________________
phylogenetic relationships to be calculated
_____________Amplify gene of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Phylogenetic relationships
list types of bacteria
Green Filamentous bacteria
Gram positives
Spirochetes
Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Planctomyces
Bacteroids Cytophaga
Thermotoga
Aquifex
list types of archaea
Halophines
Metyanosarcina
Methanobacterium
Methanococcus
T-cell
Thermoproteous
Pyrodicticum
list types of eukaryotes
Entamoebae
Slime molds
Animals
Fungi
Plants
Ciliates
Flage IIates
Trichomonads
Microsporidia
Diplomonads
What is antagonism in relationship with microbial populations
production of toxins and antibiotics
what organisms are in the phylogenetic tree of life?
bacteria
archaea
eucaryota
in which situation do Microbial populations cooperate to provide nutrients for others
bacteria in the GUT or in the mouth
Humans have ______________cells and _______________ microorganisms associated with them
humans have
Humans have 10^13 cells and 10^16 microorganisms associated with them
microbial population relationship with their host can be _________________,_______________ or ____________________
mutualistic, saprophytic, or parasitic
