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MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

0
Q

What type of microbes stained with giemsa (5)?

A 
Chlamydia 
Borrelia
Rickettsia 
Trypanosome
Plasmodium
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1
Q

What type of microbes stained with PAS?

A

Whipple disease tropheryma whipple

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2
Q

What type of microbes stained with Ziehl-Neelsen (carbon fushin) (3) ?

A

Acid fast nocardia. Mycobacteria

Cryptosporidium oocysts

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3
Q

What type of microbes stained with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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4
Q

What type of microbes stained with Silver stain (3) ?

A

Fungi (pneumocystis)
Legionella
Helicobacter pylori

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5
Q

Type of special culture used for H.influenzae?

A

Chocolate agar

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6
Q

Type of special culture used for N.gonorrhoeae and N.meningitidis ?

A

Thayer-Martin

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7
Q

Type of special culture used for B.pertussis?

A

Border

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8
Q

Type of special culture used for C. Diphtheria?

A

Loffler medium , tellurite agar

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9
Q

Type of special culture used for M. Tuberculosis?

A

Lowestein-Jensen agar

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10
Q

Type of special culture used for M. Pneumoniae?

A

Eaton agar

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11
Q

Type of special culture used for lactose-fermenting ?

A

MacConkey agar

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12
Q

Type of special culture used for E.coli?

A

EMB agar

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13
Q

Type of special culture used for legionella?

A

Charcoal yeast

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14
Q

Type of special culture used for fungi?

A

Sabouraud agar

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15
Q

What are the anaerobic microorganisms (4)?

A

Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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16
Q

What are obligated intracellular bugs (3)?

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella

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17
Q

What are facultative intracellular bugs (8)?

A 
Neisseria 
Mycobacterium 
Salmonella
Brucella 
Francisella
Legionella
Listeria
Yersinia
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18
Q

What are encapsulated bugs (7)?

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae 
Neisseria meningitidis 
Escherichia Coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella 
Streptococcus group B
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19
Q

What are urease positive bacteria (8)?

A 
Cryptococcus 
H. Pylori
Proteus 
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella 
S. Epidermidis 
S. Saprophyticus
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20
Q

What are catalase positive bacteria (8)? cats Need PLACESS

A 
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. Coli
Staphylococcus 
Serratia l
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21
Q

What are gram positive bacillus?

A 
Bacillus
Clostridium 
Corynebacterium 
Gardnerella
Lactobacillus 
Listeria 
Mycobacterium 
Propionibacterium
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22
Q

What are the difference between N.meningitides and N.gonorrhoeae?

A

N.meningitides —- maltose fermenter

N.gonorrhoeae —- non- maltose fermenter

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23
Q

What are oxidase positive bacterium?

A

Gram negative bacteria!!!

Comma shape (campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio Cholerae, H. pylori)

Pseudomona ( lactose non fermenter)

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24
What type of bacterium is linked with production bro not of sulfidric acid?
Bacillus gram neg ⏩lactose non fermenter⏩oxidase negative ⏩H2S make salmonella, proteus yersinia Non make Shigella
25
What are lactose fermenters? MacConKEES!!!!
FAST klebsiella E.coli. Enterobacter SLOW. Citrobacter Serratia
26
haEMOPhilus influenzae
Epiglottis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia
27
PSEUDDOmona
``` Pneumonia Sepsis Externa otitis Uti Drug use Diabetes Osteomyelitis ```
28
4 As of klebsiella?
Aspiration pneumonia Abscess in lung and liver Alcoholics diAbetes
29
Principal feature of salmonella typhi ?
Constipation⏩diarrhea
30
Principal feature of yersinia?
Pseudoappendicitis
31
What are spirochetes (3)?
Borrelia Lepstospira Treponema
32
False positive VDRL
Viral infection hepatitis Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus or Leprosy
33
What's the toxoplasmosis triada?
Chorioretinitis Hydrocephalus Intracranial calcifications
34
What are the nematodes which use ingested route (4)?
``` EATT Enterobius Ascaris Toxocara Trichinella ```
35
What are the nematodes which use cutaneous route (3)?
Strongylodes Ancylostoma Necator
36
What are the nematodes which use vector bites route(3)?
Loa loa Onchocerca Volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti
37
What is the Cestode (tapeworm) linked with megaloblastic anemia?
Diphilobothrium Latum | Competes for B12 in the intestine
38
What type of trematodes are linked with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?
Schistosoma haematobium | Egg whit terminal spine
39
What is the differential feature of schistosoma mansolin I?
Lateral spine | Hepatic splenomegaly
40
What trematode is associated whit cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis
41
What are live attenuated vaccines (7)?
``` Smallpox Chickenpox Rotavirus Yellow fever Sabin polio MMR Influenza intranasal ```
42
What are killed vaccines?
Rabies Influenza infected Salk polio HAV
43
What are RNA virus ➕(7) ➖ (6) stranded
``` POSITIVE Retrovirus Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus Hepevirus Calicivirus Picornavirus ``` ``` NEGATIVE Paramixovirus Rhabdovirus Folio virus Orthomixovirus Bunyavirus Arenavirus ```
44
What are naked virus(8)?
``` Papillomavirus Adenovirus Parvovirus Polyomavirus Calicivirus Picornavirus Reovirus Hepevirus ```
45
Rubella triada
Patent ductus arteriosus - pulmonic stenosis Cataracts Deafness
46
What are non linear DNA viruses(3)?
Papilloma virus Polyoma Hepadna
47
What are picornaviruses?
``` PERCH Poliovirus Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV ```
48
How is the differential diagram of gram negative rods enteric bacteria?
⬛️LACTOSE FERMENTER ▪️Fast fermenter: klebsiella,E.coli (indol➕),Enterobacter(indol➖) ▪️Slow fermenter: Citrobacter,Serratia ⬛️LACTOSE NON- FERMENTER ▪️ Oxidase positive: Pseudomona Aeruginosa ▪️ Oxidase negative: 🔺No H2S production: Shigella 🔺H2S production: salmonela , Protesis
49
CMV in fetus
Hearing loss Seizures Petechia like rash Peri ventricular calcifications
51
What are negative stranded virus (6) ?
``` Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomixovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus ```
51
What is a characteristic feature of parvovirus B19 virus infection?
"Slapped cheek" rash
52
What is the essential pathogenic mechanism of Shigella infection?
Mucosal invasion of the M cells that overlie peyer's patches
53
What are a microscopical feature of corynebacterium diphtheria(2)?
Chinese characters | Methacromatic granules that stains whit aniline (methylene blue)
54
What are catalase-positive organisms (5) ? They can infect patients with CGD.
``` S. Aureus Burkholderia Cepacia Serratia marcenses Nocardia Aspergillus ```
55
What is the feature in the blood agar for listeria?
very narrow zone of Beta-hemolysis
56
What bacteria inhibit phagosome-lysosomal fusion(3)?
Listeria Salmonella Tuberculosis
57
What is the major process of listeria immune -elimination?
Cell-mediated immunity
58
What is the process by corynebacterium acquired the toxins gene?
By bacteriophage mediated infection which TOX gene by lisogenization ( oh ago transmits the gene and this will incorporate to the bacterial genome)
59
What is the process in S.pnumoniae acquire its major virulent factor?
CAPSULE by transformation
60
What is the process by E.coli acquire its major virulent factor?
PILI is acquire by conjugation
61
What is the process which lead to endotoxins production?
Chromosomal mutations
62
What are the diferent serotypes of chlamydia (3)?
Serotypes A--C. Cause ocular infect. Trachoma Serotypes D--K urogenital infections Serotypes L1---L3 lymphogranuloma venereum
63
What structure of salmonella protects it from opsonization?
Vi antigen in the capsule
64
What is the main virulence factor is S. Aureus?
Adhesion to collagen
65
What vaccines are indicated in the asplenic patient(3)?
S. Pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitidis
66
What are the requirements for H. Influenzae to grow in a culture?
``` X factor (hematina) V factor (NAD+) ``` Agar chocolate Whit S.Aureus because it has beta hemolytic action -satellite phenomenon
67
What is the function of lac operon in E.coli?
lac operon encode for enzymes necessaries for lactose fermentation , it is a inducible enzyme
68
What are the type of meningococcal vacine(2)?
Polysaccharide quadrivalent | Conjugate (diphtheria toxoid)
69
What is the H.influenzae vaccine ?
Polysaccharide capsule conjugated with meningococcal carrier protein
70
What is the best medium for vibrio Cholera to grow??
Very alkaline medium like bile salts (TCBS) | People how take omeprazol are in high risk
71
What are the different E.coli toxins?
``` Heath labile(LT) ✅ cAMP Heath sable (ST) ✅cGMP ```
72
What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Is a bilateral adrenal hemorrhage cause by N.meningitides infection lead to adrena insufficiency
73
What are the bacteria which produce necrotizing fasciitis?
``` Streptococcus pyogenes PYR-positive Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium perfringens Streptococcus agalactiae Aeromonas hydrophila ```
74
Which bacteria produces a double zone of beta hemolysis?
Clostridium perfringes
75
What is a positive CAMP test?
Narrow zone of beta hemolysis when culture whit S.aureus ... That means The presence of S. Agalactiae.
76
What bacteria cannot be seen in gram stain (6)?
``` Mycoplasma Legionella Mycobacteria Treponema Rickettsia Chlamydia ```
77
Pneumonia + diarrhea+ high fever+ relative Bradicardia + headache =?
Legionella !!!!!! Cruise ships,spa, air-conditioned
78
How adults and infants are affected by botulism?
Adults --- canned food ingest preformed toxins | Baby----- spores from honey
79
What type of vaginal disease is linked with pH> 4.5?
Trichomona vaginitis
80
What are the empiric therapy for coagulate negative staphylococcus ( S. Epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus)?
VANCOMYCIN because all of them are methicillin resistant
81
What fungus are dimorphic (5)? Hyphae 25-30 grades or Yeast 37grades
``` Sporothrix schenckii Coccidiodes immitis Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatidities Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis ```
82
Major features of dimorphic fungus
Sporothrix schenckii -----------cigar shaped budding yeast Coccidiodes immitis------------thick walled spherules fill endoscopes Histoplasma capsulatum--------oval yeast within macrophages Blastomyces dermatidities------double refractory wall broad based budding Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis----captain's wheel
83
What are nontreponemal test?
RPR rapid plasma reagin | VDRL venereal disease research laboratory
84
What is the features of enterococcus?
Gram positive coccus Gamma hemolytic PYR positive Grow in bile and 6.5% sodium Important etiology for UTI infections by medical cystoscopy
85
What is the reason there is no effective antibodies against hepatitis C virus?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has no proofreading | Leads to resulted in marked variety of antigenic structure of HCV envelope
86
Why in the mycoplasma infection there are anemia?
hemolytic anemia is because the body generate cold agglutinins ( aBs against M proteins which cross link whit erythrocytes membranes)
87
What are the features of mycoplasma infection?
``` Hemolytic anemia Stevens-Johnson syndrome Join pains Encephalitis Cardiac rhythm disturbance Bullous myringitis ```
88
What is the mechanisms of Shiga like toxin?
Subunit B make a Canal for Subunit A takes off a adenine from tRNA And tRNA cannot interact whit 60s ribosomal subunit
89
What is the response of HIV virus to long time antiretroviral treatment?
Increase in pol gene mutations
90
What is characteristic in type B H. Influenzae?
It's capsule contains polyribitol phosphate PRP PRP contains pentose monophosphate rather hexose PRP prevent phagocytosis
91
H. Influenzae cause (4)
Epiglottis Bacteremia Arthritis Meningitis
92
How can stain cryptococcus neoformans (2)?
India ink Mucicarmine (red) Methenamine
93
What type of vaccine is pneumococcus vaccine?
Outer polysaccharide covering | Pneumococcal conjugated
94
What is the microscopic characteristic of mucormycosis?
90 grades angle nonseptate hyphae
95
What is the microscopic feature of aspergillus?
45 grades septa the hyphae
96
What are the major microscopic characteristics of Histoplasmosis ,coccidiosis,cryptococcosis,candidiasis,aspergillosis?
Histoplasmosis ---macrophages whit intracellular oval bodies coccidiosis---- spherules packed whit endospores cryptococcosis--- budding yeast whit a thick capsule candidiasis----yeast that form pseudo hyphae aspergillosis---- septa the hyphae V shape
97
Anal cell squamous cell carcinoma , ulceral mass in VIH positive patient indicates?
Human papilloma virus infection
98
What's the first line treatment for blastomyces dermatitidis?
ITRACONAZOL!!!
99
What pneumonia cause HYPONATREMIA and elevated transaminases?
LEGIONELLOSIS !!!!!
100
What surface is used to adherence for Viridans streptococcus?
Fibrin-platelet aggregates in Heart valves
101
What GI infections cause fecal mononuclear leukocytes?
SALMONELLA TYPHI!!!!
102
Elderly whit Flaccid paralysis + encephalitis =
West Nile Virus Flavivirus transmitted by mosquitos
103
What is the function of nucleolus?
Synthesis of rRNA!!!!!
104
Exposure in the deferents fungus infections Cryptococcosis,Coccidiomicosis,Histoplasmosis Mississippi Aspergillosis - Candida- A.fumigatus, Mucor, Rhizopus A. Fumigatus .
Cryptococcosis pigeon drooping Coccidiomicosis Arizona west UEA Histoplasmosis Mississippi - Ohio river bird and bat droopings Aspergillosis - historic of TB old lung cavities Candida- A.fumigatus, Mucor, Rhizopus NEUTROPENICS A. Fumigatus - ASTHMA patients
105
What is the agent which cause croup?
PARAINFLUENZA !!!!
106
What are the toxins implied en pseudomembran colitis ?
C. Difficile secrete Toxin A enterotoxin Toxin B cytotoxin Inactive Rho-regulatory proteins ❎transduction and actin cytoskeletal structure maintenance
107
What are the virulent factors of E.coli (5)
``` LPS K1 capsular polysaccharide NEONATAL MENINGITIS!!!! Verotoxin (Shiga like toxin) Heat stable/labile enterotoxin P fimbriae UTI!!!! ```
108
Clinical findings in CMV infection in Immunossuppresed patients (3)
Retinitis Esophagitis Pneumonia
109
What is the second cause of ring-enhancing lesions with mass effect in HIV patients after toxoplasmosis?
PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA B- cell origin !!!! EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS IS IDENTIFY
110
Explain the virus of rubella and rubeola
Rubella or German measles TOGAVIRUS posauricular lymphadenopathy Rubeola measles. PARAMIXOVIRUS
111
Why gram negative bacteria cause septic shock?
Lipopolysacharides or lopooligosaccharides Induce TNF-alpha, IL-1betta , IL-6, IL-8
112
What antibiotics are in Thayer Martin medium?
To isolate NEISSERIA vancomycin to ❎ gram positive Colistin ❎ gram negative (less Neisseria) Nystatin❎.yeast TMP❎ proteus
113
How act anthrax exotoxin and borderlands pertussis toxin?
⬆️cAMP by ⬆️ Adenylate Cyclase Phagocyte dysfunction and edema
114
What's the major virulent factor of streptococcus pyogenes ?
Protein M Inhibit phagocytosis and complement activation
115
What is the virulence factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Cord Factor Inactivate neutrophils Mitochondrial damage TNF release
116
How differentiate gram positive coccus?
``` CATALASE ✅ Coagulase ✅. S.Aureus Coagulase ❎ 🔹novobiocin sensible S.epidermidis 🔹novobiocin resistant S. Saprophyticus ``` CATALASE ❎ Alpha hemolytic PARTIAL 🔹opotchin sensible bile insoluble. S.pneumiae 🔹opotchin resistant bile soluble S. Viridans mutants Beta hemolytic COMPLETE 🔹bacitracin sensitive PYR ✅S.pyogenes 🔹bacitracin resistant PYR ❎ S.agalactiae Gamma hemolytic NO !!! 🔹Growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl enterococcus 🔹Growth in bile NOT in 6.5% NaCl S. Bovis l
117
What are the Two forms of leprosy and which kind of immune is related whit which one?
TUBERCULOID LEPROSY good cell response Th-1 mediated LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY bad cell response Th-2 mediated WORST
118
What antibiotic has minimal absorption and is so good for recurrent pseudomembranous colitis ?
FIDAXOMICIN!!!!!
119
What is the requirement to herpes zoster infection to appear ? And what is its principal complication ?
Previous varicella Zoster Virus infection in single dorsal root sensory ganglion !! POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA !!!!!
120
What are the single strain DNA virus | And the double strain RNA virus?
single strain DNA virus PARVOVIRUS | double strain RNA virus ROTAVIRUS
121
What is the most common agent which cause viral gastroenteritis in developed countries?
NOROVIRUS!!!!
122
What is the most common cause of diarrhea in developing countries (travelers diarrhea )
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli !!!
123
Watch are the Symptoms of strongyloidiasis?
Cough Asthma like bronchospasm Hemoptysis
124
What is the difference between mononucleosis illness by CMV and EBV?
CMV monospot test (-) heterophilic antibodies | EVB monospot test(+) heterophilic antibodies
125
Alteration of bordetella pertussis in second messengers ?
⬆️AMPc | Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylate Gi
126
How works Shiga like toxin?
Inactivate 60s ribosomal subunit
127
How P. Falciparum is declined in the gram stained blood?
Dalicate ring-like intraeritocyte parasite
128
How plasmodium species can return infection?
P.falciparum. Trophozoite into the RBC RECRUDECENSE P. Vivax and P. Ovale. From Hypnozoites from the liver
129
How bunyavirus is transmitted?
By inhalation of shit of rodents
130
What. Virus cause hydrocephalus in fetus?
Cytomegalovirus!!!!
131
Which infections tend to develop rheumatic fever and which post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
rheumatic fever PHARYNGITIS | post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis IMPETIGO
132
What is the mechanism of oncogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma?
TRNASLOCATION!!! c-myc oncogene to site of antibody synthesis
133
How echinococcus Granulosus is transmitted?
Dog feces
134
Which parasites can be transmitted by ingestion of water plants?
Fasciolopsis burky | Facsiola hepatica
135
Which patients are vulnerable to pneumocystis jiroveci infection?
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PREMATURES
136
Renal transplant patients are vulnerable to ....
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PNEUMONITIS
137
What bacterial component can survive to autoclave?
Endotoxins -LPS
138
What's the most common cause of pericarditis in U.S.A.?
COXSACKIEVIRUS B
139
What kind of genome has rotavirus?
Double strained RNA
140
Agent which cause endocarditis in drug abusers?
CANDIDA!!!
141
Microscopic features of Blastomyces dermatitis ?
Broad based Double shelled budding yeast From OLD ROOTING WOOD
142
Say the family of the different kind of hepatitis virus?
PICORNAVIRUS. HEPATITIS A HEPADNAVIRUS. HEPATITIS B FLAVIVIRUS. HEPATITIS C CALICOVIRUS. HEPATITIS E
143
After lymphocytes CD4 drop under 200 what kind of Igs can be produced?
Ig M against gp120 Experiments genetic drift
144
Which kind of plague is necessary for generalized transduction and which kind to specialized transduction?
VIRULENT PHAGUE generalized transduction | LYSOGENIC OR TEMPERATE PHAGUE specialized transduction
145
What are phosphatetransferases and where are its gene located?
Enzymes which inactivate drugs | It's gene is located in BACTERIAL PLASMIDS
146
What is episome?
A plasmid that has been stabilized inside the chromosome of a cell by site -specific recombination
147
What are the microscopic features of infectious form of fungus ?
Aspergillosis dichotomously branching hyphae Coccidiodes. Hypha with arthroconidia Blastomyces hypha whit nondescript conidia Sporothrix schenckii Hypha whit rosettes and sleeves of conidia Histoplasma Hyphae whit microconidia and macroconidia
148
What is the drug of choice of esophagitis candidiasis and Coccidiomicosis?
FLUCONAZOL!!!
149
Drug of choice of blastomycosis and Sporothrichosis?
ITRACONAZOL!!!
150
Drug of choice of paracoccidiomicosisand back up for Blastomyces and histoplasmosis?
KETOCONAZOLE !!!
151
Which antiparasitary agent is contraindicated in glaucoma?
CHLOROQUINE!!!!
152
Which drugs can develope hemolysis in G-6PD deficiency patient?
``` Sulfanilamide Nitrofurantoine Dapsone Primaquine Quinine ```
153
What's palivizumab?
Monoclonal antibody to treat rspiratory syncytial virus RSV
154
Dermatologic finding in hepatitis B
URTICARIAL DERMATITIS
155
How pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) can cause neurocysticercosis or taeniasis (tapeworm infestation).
neurocysticercosis = ingestion of eggs from stool taeniasis = ingestion larval cyst from infected uncooked pork
156
Mechanism of action of penicillin?
Covalently binding to and inhibiting transpeptidase ( cros-linking step in peptidoglican cell formation
157
What is the antibiotics for vaginitis?(3)
Grardnerella METRONIDAZOLE OR CLINDAMICIN trichomona METRONIDAZOLE (treat the partner) Candida. FLUCONAZOLE
158
Which bacteria does not need to be In big quantities to cause gastroenteritis?
SHIGUELLA!!!! Dysentery Tenesmus
159
Important considerations of malaria treatment?
Cloroquine sensitive Chloroquine resistant ➡️ MEFLOQUINE P. Vivax and P. Ovale ➡️ PRIMAQUINE ( Hypnozoites )
160
Treatment for Chagas' disease?
NIFURTIMOX
161
How is the prophylaxis and treatment form P. Jirovecii?
PENTAMIDINE
162
What's are MRSA? ABs resistance.
RESISTANCE TO... oxacillin Nafcillin Methicillin ALTERACION IN PENICILIN BINDING PROTEINS PBPs
163
Mechanism of tetracycline and sulfunylurea resistance?
Active drug transport out of the cell
164
Mechanism of quinolone resistance?
DNA Gyrase mutation
165
Mechanism of rifampin resistance ?
RNA polymerase mutation
166
What is the most important side effect of amphotericn B ?
RENAL TOXICITY SEVERE HYPOKALEMIA AND HYPOMAGNESEMIA
167
How non segmented double-stranded DNA virus exchange genetic information?
RECOMBINATION!!!
168
How segmented virus exchange genetic information?
REASSORTMENT Influenza virus
169
Side effects of RIPE treatment for TB?
Rifampin : GI, rash, red orange body fluids Isoniazid : neurotoxicity (give B6) Hepatotoxicity Pirazinamide: Hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia Ethambutol: óptic neuropathy
170
What is the immunology finding strongly linked whit ABACAVIR hypersensitivity reaction?
HLA-B*57:01 allele of HLA
171
Different segments actions of antiviral therapy (8)
``` 🔹VIRAL ABSORTION ⬇ 🚫 enfuvirtide 🔹PENETRATION ⬇🚫amantadine 🔹UNCOATING ⬇ 🔹EARLY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ⬇ purine pyrimidine analogs. RTIs 🔹NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS ⬇ 🚫protease 🔹LATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND PROCESING ⬇ 🔹PACKAGING AND ASSEMBLY ⬇ 🚫neuraminidase 🔹VIRAL RELEASE ```
172
Most common cause of endocarditis in patients whit prosthetic valves and septic arthritis in patients whit prosthetic joints?
S. EPIDERMIDIS!!!
173
How schistosomiasis is transmitted?
Freshwater snails 🐌🐌🐌🐌
174
Pathognomonic Histologic finding of hepatic schistosomiasis?
Periprotal "pipestem" fibrosis
175
How human is infected by diphyllobothrium latum?
Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish 🐡
176
what organs (3) and what kind of patients are infected by NOCARDIA? and what is the treatment?
lungs brain skin IMMUNOCOMPROMISED AND PATIENTS TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
177
what is teh principal cause of viral meningitis in children?
GROUP B COXSACKIEVIRUS
178
what type of virus is Cytomegalovirus?
ENVELOPED double-stranded DNA virus
179
What are the inteGRAse inhibitors ?
DoluteGRAVIR | ralteGRAVIR
180
What are the protease inhibitors?
indiNAVIR | RitoNAVIR
181
Technic to visualized Treponema pallidum...
DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPY!!!!!!
182
Which type of human papilloma virus can result in genital warts?
Type 6 and 11 | Attacks stratified squamous epithelium
183
Advantage of interferon gamma release assay (IGRAs)over tuberculin skin test?
Tuberculin skin test can has an falsely positive result whit BCG vaccine IGRAs does not
184
What are the dermatological lesions of 1-2-3 syphilis ?
PRIMARY chancre SECUNDARY condylomata late TERTIARY gumma
185
Color of lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters in MacConkey agar ....
FERMENTERS. PINK!!!!!! NON FERMENTERS WHITE !!!!!!
186
When can be seen cold agglutinins?(3)
mycoplasma pneumoniae Epstein Barr virus Hematologic malignancy
187
Management for pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)
ALBENDAZOL!!!! Or pyrantel pamoate
188
Actions of Rivavirin and clinical use
INHIBIT DUPLICATION OF VIRAL GENETIC MATERIAL 🚫IMP dehydrogenase 🚫RNA dependent RNA polymerase ⬆️Th1 ⬇️Th2 🔹Hepatitis C 🔹VSR
189
Use of ketoconazole (450 inhibitor) will increase the serum concentrations of what antibiotics?
MACROLIDS Eritromicin Claritromycin
190
What is the toxins of C. Perfringes (gangrene) and Diphteria?
C. Perfringes lecithinase or phospholipase C ( phospholipid splitting ) Diphtheria ribosylation of Elongation Factor-2
191
Mechanism of action of C.difficile toxin?
Actin depolymerization
192
What are the antibiotics used to Neisseria meningitides prophylaxis?(3)
Rifampin Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone IM
193
What gram positive coccus can produce dextrans from sucrose?
S. VIRIDANS !!!
194
What are transpeptidases in bacteria?
There are PENICILIN-BINDING PROTEINS which cross-link peptidoglican in bacterial cell wall
195
Which microorganism cause cat-scratch disease?
BARTONELLA HENSELAE!!!! Can cause bacillary angiomatosis
196
What type of patients cannot receive primaquine?
G6PDH deficiency patients
197
Pathogenesis of prion disease?
Protein change from Alpha helix chance to beta-plated sheet (stand to proteases) Spongiform Change
198
Which virus obtain its envelope from the host cell nucleus?
HERPERVIRUS!!!!
199
Principal adverse effects of anti HIV drugs (4)
NRTI lactic acidosis NNRTI SJS Hepatotoxicity neuropsychiatric teratogenic PI Dibetes Integrase inhibitor myopathy
200
In gram stain how gram+ and gram- are seen?
Gram+. BLUE!!!! GRAM - RED!!!!
201
What is the diagnostic test for gonorrhea? | And treatment?
Nucleic acid amplification test NAAT!!!!! Ceftriaxone+ azithromycine
202
What's the diagnostic test for chlamydia and gonorrhea? The first and second most common sexually transmitted disease in U.S.?
NAAT Nuaclear acid amplification testing
203
Management for chlamydia?
AZITHROMYCINE!!!
204
Which agent cause scrofula and where is taken?
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum WATER SOURCES PONDS
205
Which agent in the capsule of Haemophilus Influenzae bacteria facilitate it invasion and cause meningitis?
Poluribosyl ribitol phosphate PRP
206
What kind of vaccine is rabies vaccine?
Inactivated vaccine
207
Risk factors to suppurative parotid in adults?(3)
⬇️salivary flow Anthicholinergic Dehydration INTUBATION!!!! ⬆️AMILASE!!!!
208
What are the CMV-related complications of inutero infected patients?
``` Chorioretinitis Sensorineural deafness Seizures Jaundice Hepatosplenomegaly Microcephaly ```
209
What are the complications of diphtheria?(3)
Obstruction of respiratory tract Myocarditis/ heart failure Neurological toxicity
210
The diphtheria vaccine (in DPT vaccine) produce ....
IgG against the DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
211
Which virus has serum heterophile antibodies? (Agglutination of horse erithrocytes in monopost test) What means positive? And what if has the mononucleosis-like symptoms but is negative?
➕Epstein-Barr!!! ➖CYTOMEGALOVIRUS!!!! Or HHV-6 , HIV, toxoplasma
212
Listeriosis a cause of meningitis in elderly and babies < 3 months can be transmitted in...
Milk products | Raw fruits and vegetables
213
Clinical findings of tabes dorsalis in syphilis tertiaria? (4)
Sensory ataxia Lancinating pains Neurogenic urinary incontinence Argyll Robertson pupils ( non react but accommodated 👯)
214
Which type of hepatitis has high mortality rate in pregnancy? And it's virus characteristics ...
HEPATITIS E!!!! Unenveloped single-stranded RNA virus Fecal-oral route
215
Transformation cause genomic changes in progeny virions?
NO!!!!!!!!
216
How is call the bacteria who exert TRANSFORMATION?
Naturally competent
217
Germ tubes resulted after incubated at 37C are pathognomonic of...
CANDIDA ALBICANS!!!!
218
enveloped virus with partially double -stranded circular DNA ?
HEPATITIS B VIRUS!!!!
219
complications of Measles virus (rubeola)
- pneumonia - Neurologic: * Encephalitis (days) * Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (weeks) * Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (years)
220
treatment of acute C. diphtheriae infection in order of importance?
1. Diphtheria antitoxin 2. Penicillin of Erythromycin 3. DPT vaccine
221
function of protein A located in the staphylococcus peptidoglycan wall
prevents its opsonization and complement activation | binding the Fc portion of IgG (complement binding site)
222
bacteria which produce IgA protease? (2)
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Neisseria gonorrhoeae
223
principal antibiotics used in MRSA infection?(3)
VANCOMYCIN like penicilin but binding D-alanyl-D-alanine r-- red man Sd. DAPTOMYCIN transmembrane channels-- myopathy LINEZOLID inhibit 50s ribosomal subunit-- optic neuritis , thrombocytopenia, serotonin syndrome
224
managment for chorioretinitis by cytomegalovirus?
GANCICLOVIR!!!!!
225
What is the target of EBV?
B cells EBV has gp350 which attach CD21 (CR2)
226
What are the infectious form and non infectious form of strongyloidiasis?
Filariform (infectious) penetrate the skin Rhabditiform (non infectious) excreted in stool for DIAGNOSIS
227
Most common sites of serious infection by cryptococcus, Aspergillus,candida?
Cryptococcus: Meningitis Candida: Candidemia Aspergillus: pneumonia
228
Culture medium to legionella?
BCYE Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract ( L-cysteine) SILVER STAIN!!!!
229
Agent which cause tinea Capitis and tinea corporis?
Microsporum
230
Where betalactamase genes are Encoding?
plasmids!!!
231
Gram negative rods , lactose fermenter indol ➕ and indol ➖
indol ➕ E. COLI!!!! | indol ➖ ENTEROBACTER!!!!!
232
What is the major virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae type b?
Capsule- PRP ( polyrobosylribitol phosphate) | Which bind the factor H.
233
How streptococcus prevent complement activation?
M PROTEIN bind factor H prevents opsonization
234
Major virulence factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Trehalose dimycolat | protects from macrophages
235
Viruses which replicate into red blood cells precursors and lymphocytes?(2)
RBCs. Parvovirus B19 | Lymphocytes HHV-6 roseola
236
Hypovitaminosis of Vit A is related with bad prognosis in which viral infection?
MEASLES!!!! Rubeola
237
Which microorganisms produce a toxin which inactivate the elongation factor 2? (2)
Diphtheria - diphtheria toxin P. Aeruginosa - Exotoxin A
238
Difference between toxins of B. Pertussis and V. Cholera ?
B. Pertussis ⬆️cAMP by ❎Gi ADP | V. Cholera ⬆️cAMP by ✅Gs ADP
239
Clinical findings In perinatal hepatitis B infection ?(3)
No symptoms (immune tolerant) 90% chronic infection High viral load & HBeAg ➕
240
How does amphotericin B works ? And principal side effects? (5)
Fungal cell lysis by ergosterol binding but bind cholesterol in high doses 1. Acute : fever hypotension , rigidity 2. nephrotoxicity 3. ⬇️magnesium ⬇️potassium 4. Anemia. By ⬇️EPO 5. Thrombophlebitis
241
What viruses are non responsive to acyclovir action and why?
Epstein-Barr virus Cytomegalovirus Lack of thymidine to phosphorylate acyclovir
242
What's QUELLUNG. Reaction?
Dx S. P. Neumoniae Capsular swelling blue stain bacterial Specific anti-capsule antibody Methylene blue dye
243
Most important virulence factor of S. Pneumoniae?
Polysaccharide capsule
244
What's D- glutamic acid capsule ?
Is a residue in capsule of B. Anthrax
245
Mechanism of action of Daptomicin? | And side effects ? (2)
Create transmembrane channels Side effect myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
246
Explain the prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV according CD4+ count. (4)
<200 P. Jirovecci ⏩ TMP-SMX <150 Histoplasma ⏩ Itraconazol <100 T. Gondii. ⏩ TMP-SMX <50 M. Avium - Intracellulare ⏩ Azithromycin
247
Principal characteristics of Micobacterium Avium Complex ( avium+Intracellulare) infection in HIV+ <50 CD4+? (5)
``` Anemia Hepatosplenomegaly ⬆️ Alkaline phosphatase ⬆️ Lactato Dehydrogenase Grow 41 grades ```
248
Function of O antigen?
Outermost in LPS | To classify gram (-) bacteria
249
Risk of patients after cystoscopy ,colonoscopy and obstetric procedures and agent?
``` ENDOCARDITIS by Enterococcus: 🔹Grow in bile 🔹grow in 6.5% NaCl 🔹PYR ➕ ```
250
Goups of antibiotics which inhibit bacterial 50s ribosomal subunit?
``` MACROLIDE CHLORAMPHENICOL LINEZOLID CLINDAMICIN ESTREPTOGRAMINS ```
251
What antibiotics Inhibit the bacterial 30s ribosomal subunit? (4)
DoxyCYCLINE tetraCYCLINE minoCYCLINE AMINOGLYCOSIDES
252
How enterotoxigenic E. Coli and Yersinia enterocolitica produce watery diarrhea and electrolyte loss?
⬆️Intracellular cGMP
253
How Clostridiun difficile enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B works? And diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis ?
Enterotoxin A Watery diarrhea Cytotoxin B Disrupting the cytoskeleton Depolymerixing actin PCR of toxin genes
254
Explain echinococcus Granulosum infection and How it's can cause dead in surgery ?
Tape worm transmitted from dogs and sheep HYDATID CYSTS in liver,lungs and muscles eggshell calcification full of monocytes and eosinophilis manipulation can cause ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK!!!!
255
How acetaminophen, NSAIDS and corticosteroids can decrease fever?
⬇️PGE2 reducing the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus
256
What kind of drugs increase the serum levels of Azoles?
Cytochrome oxidase inducers Rifampin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Phenobarbital
257
Mechanism of action of Flucytosine?
Inhibit DNA and RNA fungal synthesis | ✅cryptococcosis
258
Food linked with salmonella?(2)
🐣Raw egg | 🐔Raw chicken
259
Two principal infectious agents linked with ectopic pregnancy?
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae | Chlamydia Trachomatis
260
Time to presentation of Sydenham chorea?
1-8 months!!!!!
261
Localization and etiology of Janeway lesions and Osler nodes in infectious endocarditis?
Janeway lesions: Palms & Soles septic 🔹microembolism Osler nodes: pulp of fingers and toes 🔹immunocomplex
262
Why biofilms are resistant to antibiotics?
Intermicrobial communication induces exopolysacaride production
263
Family of streptomycin?
AMINOGLYCOSIDE!!!!!
264
Principal mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to Izoniazid?
⬇️catalase-peroxidase activity
265
Principal mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to Ethambutol?
⬆️cell wall polysaccharide synthesis
266
After influenza A outbreak elderly patients are in high risk of pneumonia for which pathogens?
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Staphylococcus Aureus 3. Haemophilus influenzae
267
Explain the antyfungal targets of antimucotics. (4 targets)
CELL WALL Caspofungin CELL MEMBRANE amphotericin B, nystatin; Azoles,terbinafine DNA RNA SYNTHESIS Flucytosine MITOSIS Griseofulvin
268
Which culture mediums can be used to corynebacterium diphtheria grow?
Cysteine- tellurine agar | Loffler's médium
269
Microscopic features of listeria?(3)
Gram+ rods | Tumbling motility ate room temp
270
Specific feature of Gardnerella Vaginalis ?
ANAEROBIC GRAM-VARIABLE ROD!!!!!!
271
What are segmented viruses , which permits reassortment, to enhance epidemic features?(5)
``` Rotavirus Orthomixovirus Reovirus Bunyavirus Arenavirus ```
272
Important features of B. Anthracis.
ANTIPHAGOCYTIC D GLUTAMATE CAPSULE Gram - rods woolstortes disease 🐏 Culture media with medusa head appearance HEMORRHAGIC MEDIASTINITIS !!!!
273
Intracellular polyphosphate granules are characteristic in?
Orynebacterium diphtheriae
274
Important findings of Q fever and agent?
Coxiella burnetti ZOONOSIS animal waste Headache retroorbital Fever Pneumonia consolidation Thrombocytopenia
275
which infections needs the use of face -masks in health workers?
droplets > 5 microns ``` N. meningitides influenza B.pertussis M. pneumoniae RSV ```
276
How bacteria develope resistance against aminoglycosides?
By aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes | transfer acetyl-adenyl-phosphate groups
277
which antibiotics acts in 50S RNA and 30S RNA subunits?(4-3)
50S chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid, macrolides 30S tetracycline, doxycycline, aminoglycosides
278
what type of patients are more susceptible for Babesia infection?
Asplenic patients!!!!
279
How is the differencial clinical presentation and Diagnosis of Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chancorid, Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)?
Syphilis: painless ulcer VDRL/RPR , Dark feild Genital herpes:Painfull ulcers PCR ,Tzanck smear Chancorid: Painfull deep supurative ulcers Limphadenitis PCR, Gram. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis) painless serpenginous ulcers no Lymphadenopathy , Gram - Biopsy
279
How Micobacterium tuberculosis is Isoniazid resistant ?
⬇️intracellular catalase peroxidase activity
280
what bacteria is transmitted from domestic animals to humans and is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in industrialized countries?
CAMPILOBACTER JEJUNI !!!!!!!
282
Explain different drugs which interact with tetrahydrofolate reductase.(3)
TMP bacteria MTX human Pyrimethamine Protozoa
283
Mechanism of action of metronidazole ?
Binds bacterial-Protozoa DNA Unraveling helical structure Breaking its strands
284
strategies to decreas central venous catheter infections?(5)
``` Hand hygiene Maximal barrier precautions chlorexidine antiseptic subclavian or internal jugular insertion prompt removal ```
285
mechanism of action of Terbinafine, Caspofungine, Griseofulvine.
Terbinafin 🚫squalene epoxidase so 🚫ergosterol synthesis Caspofungine 🚫 beta-d glucan Aspergillus Candida Griseofulvine 🚫 microtubules polimerization so 🚫 mitosis

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