HEMATO-ONCOLOGY Flashcards
0
Q
What are the vWF and Fibrinogen receptors?
A
GpIb
GpIIb/IIIa
1
Q
Which cytokine activate macrophages?
A
Gamma-interferon
2
Q
What is the first step to septic shock activation by macrophages?
A
Lipid A From bacteria LPS binds CD14
3
Q
Causes of eosinophilia (5) NAACP
A
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergic processes
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Parasites (invasive)
4
Q
What substances are in basophils (3)
A
Heparin
Histamine
Leukotrienes
5
Q
What type of Igs can be bind by Mast cells and what substances can release (3)?
A
Fc portion of Ig E
Causing degranulation of
Histamine
Heparin
Eosinophilic Hemotactic factor
6
Q
What type of cell proliferate most in Multiple Myeloma?
A
Plasma cells
7
Q
What agents activate intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways?
A
Intrinsic : collagen, basement membrane,activated platelets
Extrinsic : thromboplastin (tissue factor)
8
Q
What are Xa factor inhibitors?
A
LMWH☑️
Heparin
Apixaban, rivaroxaban
Fondaparinux
9
Q
What are IIa factor (thrombin) inhibitors (3)
A
Heparin☑️
LMWH (deltaparin-enoxaparin)
Argatroban,bivalirudin,dabigatran
10
Q
What enzyme is inhibited by warfarin?
A
Vitamin K epoxied reductase
11
Q
Which factors are inhibit by protein C and S
A
V factor
VIII factor
12
Q
What factors are inhibited by antythrombin ( enhanced by heparin)(6)?
A
II VII IX X XII
13
Q
What’s factor V Leiden mutation ?
A
Factor V resistant to inhibition by protein C
14
Q
When you see target cells(4)?
A
HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia
15
Q
When you see Heinz bodies?
A
G6PD deficiency
16
Q
When you see Howell-jolly bodies?
A
Hyposplenia
Asplenia
17
Q
What are normocytic anemias extravascular hemolysis (5)?
A
Hereditary espherocitosis G6PDH deficiency Piruvate kinase deficiency Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Sickle cell anemia
18
Q
What are microcytic anemias(5)?
A
Iron deficiency (late) ACDa Thalassemias Lead poisoning Sideroblastic anemia
19
Q
What’s Plummer-Vinson syndrome triad?
A
iron deficiency anemia
esophageal webs
atrophic glossitis
20
Q
What’s Hb Barts and Hb H?
A
4 allele deletion: No α-globin. Excess γ-globin forms γ4 (Hb Barts). Incompatible with life (causes hydrops fetalis).
3 allele deletion: HbH disease. Very little
21
Q
X-Ray finding of beta thalassemia major
A
Crew cut
22
Q
Tile of hemoglobin , skeletal deformities and infeciosus risk in beta thalassemia mejor?
A
Hb F ( alfa2 gamma2)
Chipmunk facies
Parvovirus B19
23
Q
Managment of lead poisoning (3)
A
Dimercaprol
EDTA
Succimer (kids)
24
Which enzymes are impaired in lead poisoning(2).
ferrochelatase
| ALA dehydratase
25
Enzyme defect in hemosiderosis
δ-ALA synthase
26
Causes of sideroblastic anemia (5)
```
alcohol is most common
lead
vitamin B6 deficiency (TREATMENT)
copper deficiency
isoniazid
```
27
Big differences between folate and B12 deficiency(3)
FOLATE
⬆️homocysteine
↔️Methylmalonic acid
❎Neurological symptoms
B12
️⬆️homocysteine
⬆️Methylmalonic acid
✅Neurological symptoms
28
How chronic diseases cause anemia?
Liver secretes hepcidin
| Which inhibit intestinal iron absorption
29
Cause of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
impaired synthesis of GPI anchor for decay-accelerating factor that protects RBC membrane from complement
30
Symptoms and treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Triad: Coombs ⊝ hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, and venous thrombosis.
Labs: CD55/59 ⊝ RBCs on flow cytometry.
Treatment: eculizumab (terminal complement inhibitor).
31
Treatment for sickle cell anemia
Hydroxyurea ⬆️HbF
32
Actions of corticosteroids in lymphocytes and eosinophils
lymphocytes APOPTOSIS
| eosinophils SEQUESTERING IN LYMPHNODES
33
Symptoms of acute intermittent porphyria (5Ps)
Painful abdomen
Port wine–colored urine
Polyneuropathy
Psychological disturbances
Precipitated by drugs (e.g., cytochrome
P-450 inducers), alcohol, starvation
34
Enzyme impaired in Acute intermittent porphyria
Porphobilinogen deaminase
35
Enzyme impaired in Porphyria cutanea tarda
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
36
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
| Cause And how differentiate it from other
⬇️ GpIb
| No agglutination on ristocetin
37
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
| Cause And how differentiate it from other
⬇️GpIIb/IIIa
| no platelet clumping. Agglutination with ristocetin
38
Immune thrombocytopenia
| Cause and Dx
Anti-GpIIb/IIIa antibodies
| ⬆️ megacaryocytes in bone marrow
39
Cause and diagnosis of Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS 13 (vWF metalloprotease)
Labs: schistocytes, LDH.
Symptoms: pentad of
1. neurologic
2.renal symptoms
3. fever
4. thrombocytopenia,
5. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
40
Diagnosis and treatment of Von Willerbrand disease
Dx ristocetin cofactor assay
( agglutination is diagnostic).
Treatment: desmopressin, which releases vWF stored in endothelium.
41
Which factors are affected ind antythrombin deficiency?
IIa
| Xa
42
Which disease cause thrombotic skin necrosis with hemorrhage after warfarin administration?
Protein C or S deficiency
43
Which contains cryoprecipitate?(5)
fibrinogen
factor VIII
factor XIII
vWF
fibronectin
44
Difference between leukemoid reaction and CML
leukemoid reaction ⬆️ leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
| CML ⬇️leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
45
Principal characteristics of Hodgkin lymphoma (4)
Localized, single group of nodes;
Reed-Sternberg cells.
young adulthood and> 55 years;
associated with EBV.
46
Principal characteristics of no Hodgkin lymphoma (4)
extranodal involvement common
Majority involve B cells
20–40 years old.
associated with HIV and autoimmune diseases.
47
Cell markers of reed-sternberg cells (3)
CD15+
CD30+
B-cell origin
48
Causes and findings in Burkina lymphoma (1-3)
t(8;14)—translocation of c-myc (8) and heavy-chain Ig (14)
| “Starry sky” appearance
Associated with EBV.
Jaw lesion
49
Age of patients and Genetics of mantle cell lymphoma
Older males
t(11;14)—translocation of cyclin D1 (11) and heavy-chain Ig (14)
50
Multiple myeloma findings (5)
Monoclonal plasma cell (“fried egg” appearance)
Punched-out lytic bone lesions on x-ray A
M spike on serum protein electrophoresis (IgG IgA)
Ig light chains in urine (Bence Jones
protein)
Rouleaux formation B
51
What's Pseudo–Pelger-Huet anomaly—
neutrophils with bilobed nuclei. Typically seen after chemotherapy.
52
Markers to ALL
TdT+ (marker of pre-T and pre-B cells)
| CD10+ (pre-B cells only).
53
Markers to SLL and CLL
| And characteristic cell
CD20+, CD5+ B-cell neoplasm
| Smudge cell
54
Diagnosis and treatment of Hairy cell leukemia
```
Stains TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ⊕)
flow cytometry.
Treatment: cladribine, pentostatin.
```
55
Acute myelogenus leukemia findings (2)
Auer rods
| peroxidase ⊕ cytoplasmic inclusions
56
Markers and typical cells in langerhans cell histiocytosis
S-100 and CD1-a
Bribeck granules "tennis rackets"
Lytic bone lesions
57
Which mutation is implied in chronic myeloproliferative disorders?
JAK 2
| In Polycythemia vera
Essential thrombocytosis
Myelofibrosis
58
Findings in CML
```
⬇️ RBCs
⬆️ WBCs
⬆️ Platelets
✅ Philadelphia chromosome
❎JAK mutation
```
59
What's heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
IgG antibodies against heparin- bound platelet factor 4 (PF4). platelets thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.
ALTERNATIVE Bivalirudin!!!!
60
What are Direct factor Xa inhibitors?
Apixaban
| Rivaroxaban
61
Mechanism of action of clopidogrel ,ticagrelor (reversible)
Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Prevent expression of glycoproteins IIb/IIIa on platelet surface.
62
Mechanism of action of Cilostazol and dipyridamole?
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor; cAMP in platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation; vasodilators.
63
Which anti metabolites have ⬆️ toxicity whit de use of allopurinol or febuxotat?
Azathioprine
| 6-MP
64
Which drug is an folic acid which inhibit competitively dihydrofolate reductase?
Methotrexate
65
What pharmac can rescue the myelosuppression caused by methotrexate ?
Leucovorin
66
Pharma used to prevent cardio toxicity by doxorubicin daunorubicin
Dexrazoxane
67
Which Pharma prevents myelosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide ?
Mesna
68
Which anti cancer drugs do not cause bone marrow suppression(3)?
Bleomycin. Pulmonary fibrosis
Cisplatin. Nephrotoxicity
Vincristine Neurotoxicity
69
How can avoid cisplatin and carboplatin nephrotocixyty?
Amifostine
70
Mechanism of action of Hydroxyurea ?
Inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
Cause SEVERE MYELOSUPRESSION
71
Mechanism of action of bevacizumab
Monoclonal antibody against VEGF
72
Mechanism of action of erlotinib
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor
73
Mechanism of action of imatinib
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and c-KIT
74
Mechanism of action of rituximab
Monoclonal antibody against CD20
75
Mechanism of action of TAMOXIFEN RALOXIFENE
Tamoxifen estrogen receptors ❎ breast ✅endometrium✅bone
Reloxifene estrogen receceptors ❎breast ❎endometrium ✅bone
76
Mechanism of action of trastuzumab ?
Monoclonal antibody against HER-2 human epidermal grow factor 2
Is a tyrosine kinase exceptor which promotes apoptosis
77
Mechanism of action of vemurafenib
Inhibitor of BRAF oncogene melanoma
78
What are sequences of changes in iron deficiency anemia?(6)
```
⬇️ferritin hemosiderin bone marrow
⬇️serum ferritin
⬆️TIBC, transferrin
⬇️serum iron
⬇️blood hemoglobin
Microcytic, hypo chromic
```
79
What are contraindications of fibrinolytic use (5)
Hemorrhagic stroke 180/110
| Suspect of dissecting aneurism
80
What's the most common repercussion arrhythmia?
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
81
How aTPT is in hemophilia type A and B
Increased
82
Functions of vWF(2)?
Platelet adhesion
| Carrier protein for factor VIII
83
Functions of prostacilcina (2)
Anti platelet aggregator
| Vasodilator
84
Which events occurs in cellular the 5 cellular phases ?
```
G0 resting
G1. RNA protein lipids carbohydrates synthesis
S DNA replication
G2 ATP synthesis
M mitosis
```
85
Function of retinoblastoma protein
Hypophosphorilated ACTIVE cell cannot go G1⏩S
Hyperphosphorilated INACTIVE cell can go G1⏩S
86
Neoplasias linked whit dermatomyositis (4)
Ovarian
Lung
Colorrectal
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
87
Clinical sings of whipple disease (3)
Arthritis
Diarrhea
Fever
88
Why ⬆️ACTH produces hyper pigmentation?
BECAUSE HAS A SIGNIFICANT SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY WITH ALFA-MSH!!!!!!!! PERROS HPSSSS
89
What type of hormones are secreted by lung small cell carcinoma?(2)
ACTH
| Vasopressin
90
What type of hormones are secreted by squamous cell carcinoma lung (1)?
PTHrP
91
How high doses of folate can precipitate seizures?
Folate is an antagonist of phenytoin
92
Vasopressin is used to treat what hematologist disease (2)?
vWD
| Hemophilia type A
93
Mechanism of action of aminocaproic acid?
Inhibition of breakdown of fibrin in blood clots
94
How HBV. DNA virus can produce cancer?
HBx an oncogen viral protein
| Inactivate P53
95
What's the protein product of c-myc implied in Burkitt lypmphoma?
Transcription factor nuclear phosphoprotein
96
What's BCL2 protein implied in follicular lymphoma?
Apoptosis inhibitor
97
What are BRCA1 BRCA2 enzymes implicated in many tumor diseases?
DNA repair Enzymes
98
What is cyclin D1 product mutation in mantle cell lymphoma?
Promote G1 to S phase
99
What's the product of fusion gene in CML (Philadelphia chromosome>
Increase tyrosine kinase
Promote mitosis
Inhibit apoptosis
100
Effect of use of rivaroxaban an in times of coagulation
⬆️aPTT
⬆️PT
↔️ TT
101
Effect of use of NON fractionated heparin an in times of coagulation
⬆️ aPTT
⬆️ TT
↔️ PT
102
Effect of use of davigatran an in times of coagulation
⬆️ aPTT
⬆️ PT
⬆️ TT
103
What is the net effect of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
PARADOXICAL THROMBOSIS
104
Treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia?(3)
Hirudin
Lepirudin
Argabatran
DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS
105
How increase hemoglobins after iron replacement in iron deficiency anemia?
2gr/Dl per week the first three weeks
106
Hat is the problem in factor V Leiden mutation?
Factor V is resistant to the action anticoagulant of protein C
Creating an procoagulant state.
107
Which time of coagulation is increase in anti phospholipid antibody?
⬆️aPTT
108
What's the action of folinic acid (leucovorin) to overcome leukopenia by methotrexate?
Folinic acid compete by DHF reductase against MTX
109
What's the action of sulfonamide?
Inhibit the conversion of PABA to folic acid
| ONLY IN PROKARYOTES
110
What's chromosomes are implicated in acute promyelocytic leukemia?( a typo of Acute myelogenus leukemia)
t15-17
111
Etiology of black Vs brown biliary stones
Black stones chronic hemolysis or ileal disease
Brown stones biliary tract infection
112
What's the worst picture for hemorrhage by low Vit k factors dependent (4) ?
Newborn
Refusal to Vit K prophylaxis
Exclusive Breastfeeding
Cystic fibrosis
113
Treatment for multiple myeloma
Proteasome inhibitors
Bortexomib
Boronic-acid contain dipeptide
114
Clinical findings of Multiple Myeloma (5)
```
Bone pain
Fatigue
Anemia
Kidney disease
Hypercalcemia
```
115
Which proteins of extra celular spa con interact with integrines ?
Collagen
Fibronectin
Laminin
116
Most important clinical findings in polycythemia Vera (3)
Aquagenic pruritus
Facial plethora
Splenomegaly
117
What type of red cells are typical in abetalipoproteinemia?
Acanthocytes
118
Mechanism of action of infliximab and uses (3)
Antibody to TNF-alpha
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Crohn disease
119
Function of BCL 2 gene
It is an oncogene which inhibit cell death cascade
120
Genes implicated in follicular lymphoma
t14-18 bcl-2 oncogene
121
Mechanism of action of drug resistance of tumors like cells
P- glycoproteins an ATP dependent efflux protein
122
Cytokeratin is a cell marker for...
Epithelial cells!!!!!!
123
What type of cancer is linked whit EBV?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
124
What's pure red cell aplasia?
IgG antibodies and T citotoxic cells
Produced in thymoma and lymphoma
Parvovirus B19
125
What is the effect of hepcidin?
⬇️iron absorption in the gut by causing degradation of ferroportin (transmembrane protein responsible for take the iron from the enterocyte to blood circulation)
126
What protein takes the iron from gut lumen to the enterocyte?
Divalent metal transporter-1
| DMT-1
127
Mechanism of action of raltegravir ?
Integrase inhibitor!!!
128
Mechanism of action of enfuvirtide?
Fusion inhibitor
129
Ending word for protease inhibitor?
NAVIR!!!!!
130
What kind of antibodies are generated in immune thrombocytopenic purpura?
GP IIb/IIIa IgG
131
Common causes of aplastic anemia?(4)
Parvovirus
Epstein-Barr
⬆️Chemotherapy
Radiation
132
What drug can overcome the toxicity of methotrexate?
LEUCOVORIN!! (Folinic acid)
133
What association is used to enhance the effect of 5-fluorouracil?
LEUCOVORIN!!! (Folinic acid)
134
What kind of translocation has follicular lymphoma and what gene is overexpresed?
t14;18
| BCL2
135
Direct and indirect Factor Xa inhibitors
DIRECT Rivaroxaban, Apixaban
| INDIRECT Fondaparinox
136
Mechanism of action of Heparin non fractionated and enoxaparin?
Heparin bind to ANTITOMBIN III: f Xa - Thrombin
Enoxaparin bind to ANTITROMBIN III - f Xa
137
What kind of Basophilic cells (blue) are pathognomonic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA in the bone marrow aspirated?
WAGON WHEEL !!! 🎡
138
Why sickle cell anemia cause macrocytic anemia?
Deficiency of folic acid Vit B9
Because increased erythrocyte turnover
139
Which factors cause angiogenesis (2)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
| Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
140
Cause and clinical features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura?
⬇️ADAMTS13 activity leads to vWF ⬆️⬆️microThrombi
Hemolitic anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Sometimes
Renal failure
Neuro manifestations
Fever
141
What ⬇️ haptoglobin means ?
Intravascular hemolysis
142
What RBCs surface markers are absent in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?
CD55
CD59
Because there is an mutation at phosphatidylinositol glycan mutation
⬆️complement- mediated hemolysis
PANCYTOPENIA!!!!
143
Clinical features of Hemolytic uremic syndrome?(4)
Bloody diarrhea
Hemolytic anemia schistocytes
Thrombocytopenia
Acute kidney injury
144
Function of Vit B9 folic acid in DNA synthesis
Single carbon donor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis
145
What kind of anemia is produced in chronic alcoholism whit chronic pancreatitis?
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA!!!!
146
What is pathognomonic Histologic and clinical finding in follicular lymphoma?
Lymphoma cells whit clefted nuclei t14;18 ⬆️bcl-2
Fluctuating lymphadenopathy
147
What farmac can prevent the cytotoxicity of acrolein derivative of cyclophosphamide ?
MESNA!!!
148
Which farmac can prevent the toxicity of doxorubicin?
Dexrazoxane!!!
149
Histologic finding in glioblastoma multiforme
Central necrosis and vascular proliferation.
150
Two clinical pathognomonic findings in aplastic anemia?
PANCYTOPENIA
| NO SPLENOMEGALY!!!!
151
Tumors in Lí-Fraumeni syndrome ⬇️TP53 (5)
```
Sarcoma
Breast cancer
Brain tumor
Adrenocrotical carcinoma
Leukemia
```
152
What exams are alternated in von Willebrand disease?(2)
⬆️ bleeding time (platelet disfunction)
| ⬆️ PTT( degradation of VIII factor)
153
What is the final path in the coagulation cascade
```
Xa -(Va)
⬇️
Prothrombin --- thombrin IIa
⬇️
Fibrinogen- fibrin Ia
```
154
Treatment for hemophilias?
THROMBIN!!!!!
155
Auer rods are seen in...
ACUTE MYELOGENUC LEUKEMIA !!!!!
AML!!!!!!
t 15;17
Promyelocytic leukemia ➕Retinoic receptor alpha gene
156
How are the coagulation times in chronic renal failure?
⬆️ bleeding time uremic toxins qualitative platelet disorder
TP, TPT NORMAL
157
What gene is Overexpressed in Burkit lymphoma and what infectious agent is related?
c-MYC t(8;14)
| EBV in HIV patients
158
How treat warfarin overdoses? (3)
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (II,VII,IX,X)
Vitamin K
159
Which feature differentiate immune thrombocytopenic anemia from hemolytic uremic syndrome?
Would not produce anemia or renal disease
160
Which cells is infected an which cells proliferated anomaly after Epstein bar virus infection?
Infect B cells
Activation of T cells proliferate anomaly
161
Where are seen pautrier micro abscesses?
Mucous is fungoides
| Sezary sindrome
162
How MCHC is in spherocytosis?
⬆️MCHC
163
Complications of espherocitosis ?
Pigment gallstones
Aplastic crises from parvovirus B19 infection
164
How is haptoglobin in hemolytic anemia?
⬇️haptoglobin
165
Abnormal cells related whit sideroblastic anemia?
Pappenheimer
166
Principal findings in hairy cell leukemia ?
```
Middle age men
Bone marrow fibrosis
Pancytopenia
Massive Splenomegaly
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase test
```
167
What are the pathognomonic findings in ferropenic anemia? (2)
Disphagia (esophageal webs)
| Koilonuchia (spoon nails)
168
How is the CBCs in paroxysmal hemolytic anemia?
Hemolytic anemia
⬇️ leucocytes
⬇️ platelets
169
Findings in leukemoid reaction (3)
Left shift
Dohle bodies( MATURE neutrophils whit Basophilic oval inclusions)
⬆️↔️Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
170
Drugs and infections which produce Aplastic anemia?(3,2)
Chloramphenicol
Carbamazepine
Sulfonamides
Parvovirus B19
Epstein-Barr virus
171
Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome?(4) ⬆️5-HIAA urine
SKIN flushing telangectasias cyanosis
GI watery diarrhea cramping
PULMONARY Bronchospasm dyspnea
CARDIAC valvular fibrosis plaques (right>left)
172
What's Trousseau syndrome?
Migratory thrombophlebitis by visceral cancer (pancreas,colon, lung)
Adenocarcinomas produce thromboplastin-like substance
HYPERCOAGULABILITY STATE
173
Presence of immune complex vasculitis associated with IgA and C3 deposition is typical in....
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
174
Cause of liver fatter change and Hepatocyte necrosis?
FREE RADICAL INJURY!!!!
⬇️
Mithocondrial disfunction
175
Meaning of presence of Myeloblast, Myelocyte and band In Peripheral blood?
Myeloblast. MALIGNANCY
Myelocyte LEUKEMOID REACTION , PREGNANCY
Band NORMAL INFECTION
176
Important features of AML acute myelogenus leukemia ( the most common acute leukemia upon adults)? (3)
Around 65 years old
WBCs. 15000-20000
Blasts >20%
177
Which factors reflects PT?
Tissue factor
Fibrinogen
II , V, VII, X
178
What measure trombine time TT?
Rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
If prolonged means liver disease
179
Explain how high doses of Vit A can cure acute Promyelocytic leukemia an AML?
t(15;17)
🚫Retinoic acid receptor alpha (differentiation of myeloid precursors)
Treatment with all-trains-retinoic acid VIT A!!!! In high quantities
Overcomes this situation
180
How works LMWH (enoxaparin) and Heparin?
Heparin binds: ANTITROMBIN III+ THROMBIN
ANTITHROMBIN III+ Factor Xa
LMWH binds : ANTITHROMBIN III+ Factor Xa
181
Rare tumor associated with arsenic and polyvinyl chloride , CD31+?
Liver angiosarcoma
CD31+ = PECAM1
182
Mechanism of action of Etanercept?
TNF-alpha inhibitor !!!!
183
What "mab" means in farmac?
Mab. Monoclonal antibody
184
What "nib" means in farmac?
nib kinase inhibitor
185
Explain the genetic feature of follicular lymphoma, CML, Burkitt lymphoma , breast cancer, Lí-fraumeni syndrome?
follicular lymphoma Bcl2- Overexpression t14-18
CML Bcr-abl hybrid formation t9-22
Burkitt lymphoma C-myc Overexpression t8-14 t8-22 t8-2
breast cancer Erb-B2 Overexpression
Lí-fraumeni syndrome p53 inactivation
186
What is the treatment for warfarin-induced skin necrosis?
fresh frozen plasma
| to replenich protein C
187
How patients whit ALL develops dysphagia,stridor and disnea?
30% are T-cells ALL and develope
mediastinal mass compressing the esophagus and trachea.
but the majority 70% are B-cell ALL
whitout mediastinal mass.
188
How is clasiffied Acute Myelogenous Leukemia? and what is Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML)?
M0-M1-M2-M3 (APML)-M4-M5-M6-M7-M8
APML t(15;17)
abnormal retinoic acid receptor
Auer Rods
PANCYTOPENIA
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
189
function of EGFR , implied in colo rectal cancer?
EGFR transmembrane receptor
| binds KRAS which in turn cause Cell proliferation
190
What ere the neuroendocrine cells markers?(3)
Neuron-specific enolase
Chromogranine
Synaptophysin
