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Ophthamology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in adults?

A

Staph aureus

Strep pneuomiae

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2
Q

What is the common bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in children?

A

H flu

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3
Q

What is different about bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Must be referred to ophthalmology due to possibility of contraction during birth

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4
Q

Which two bacteria is particularly worrying in a neonatal conjunctivitis?

A

N gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

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5
Q

What are common symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A 
Hazy vision
Sticky discharge- often at night
Pussy exudates
Redness
Gritty feeling
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6
Q

What kind of swabs are taken for conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial
Viral
Chlamydia

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7
Q

What topical antibiotic is usually given?

A

Chloramphenical

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8
Q

What are the pros/cons of drops vs ointments?

A

Drops need to be kept in fridge
Drops difficult to keep sterile
Ointment harder to apply but gives soothing effect

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9
Q

When must chloramphenical be avoided?

A

If history of aplastic anaemia

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10
Q

What are the signs of aplastic anaemia, clinically?

A

Anaemia
Low WBC
Low platelets

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11
Q

If the eye gets worse on abx treatment in bacterial conjunctivitis what must be considered?

A

An allergy to chloramphenical

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of adenoviral conjunctivitis?

A

Gritty feeling
Red eyes
watery discharge
Starts with URTI

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13
Q

What is the treatment for adenoviral conjunctivitis?

A

Self resolving

But symptomatic treatment of antihistamine plus artificial tears

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14
Q

What is important to remember with pink eye (adenovirus conjunctivitis) ?

A

It is contagious.

Spread by share of eyeliners

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15
Q

Which other two viruses commonly cause conjunctivitis?

A

Herpes zoster

Herpes simplex

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16
Q

In a patient with conjunctivitis and also urethritis/vaginitis, what must be considered?

A

Chlamydial infection

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17
Q

How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?

A

Topical and oral azithromycin

Further STI screening

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18
Q

What ethical dilemma might occur when testing for chlamydia?

A

Need to tell patient what you’re testing for and ask for contact number
Contact tracing if positive

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19
Q

What sign is present in chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Wet rice grains in internal eyelid

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20
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammation of cornea

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21
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

Level of white blood cells seen in the iris

22
Q

What bacteria are to blame for keratitis?

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
H flu
Staph epidermidis

23
Q

What is often seen in bacterial keratitis?

A

Ulcer

24
Q

What is the first step in treatment of bacterial keratitis?

A

Corneal scrape

25
Q

What does the treatment for bacterial keratitis consist of?

A

Admission.

Hourly drops

26
Q

What condition presents with a dendritic ulcer?

A

Herpetic keratitis

27
Q

What should never be given for herpetic keratitis?

A

Steroids.

Steroids can cause corneal melt

28
Q

What does recurrent herpetic keratitis result in?

A

Reduced corneal sensation

29
Q

What kind of viral keratitis can steroids be given for?

A

Adenoviral keratitis

30
Q

What sign may be seen in adenoviral keratitis?

A

Subepithelial infiltrates

31
Q

Who tends to get fungal keratitis?

A

Farmers or gardeners

32
Q

What is involved in fungal keratitis treatment?

A 
Long treatment (6 months)
Topical chlorhexadine
33
Q

What is associated with contact lenses and keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba

P aeruginosa

34
Q

What is associated with orbital cellulitis?

A

Pain
Proptosis
Pyrexia
Paranasal sinusitis

35
Q

Why is orbital cellulitis an urgent case?

A

Sight threatening

Requires hospitalisation.

36
Q

What tests need to be done for orbital cellulitis?

A

Microbiology swabs

CT scan to differentiate between preseptal and orbital

37
Q

What can cause orbital cellulitis?

A

Sinus infection

Superficial infection e.g. folliculitis or chalazion

38
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

Cyst in eyelid caused by a blocked gland

39
Q

What causes endophthalmitis?

A

Surgical complication or endogenous e.g. endocarditis

40
Q

What are the symptoms of endophthalmitis?

A

Acute
Decreased vision
Very red

41
Q

What is the most common cause of endophthalmitis?

A

Staph epidermidis

42
Q

What is the treatment of endopthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal vancomycin

Topical antibiotics

43
Q

What is chorioretinitis?

A

Inflammation of the choroid

44
Q

What causes chorioretinitis in patients with AIDs?

A

CMV

45
Q

What other organism can cause chorioretinitis?

A

Toxocara canis (worm)

46
Q

Where do toxocara normally live?

A

Cats and dogs

Cannot replicate in humans

47
Q

What test is done for toxocara?

A

Serology

48
Q

Why is chloramphenicol not used on babies?

A

Grey baby syndrome
Hypotension
Low tone
Cardiovascular collapse

49
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

A

Infection of nasolacrimal sac, due to obstruction of the lacrimal gland

50
Q

What antibiotic should be given if staph aureus is organism?

A

Fusidic acid

Ophthamology (8 decks)

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