Anatomy

Question 1

In what bone is the supraorbital notch?

Answer 1

Frontal bone

Question 2

In what bone is the optic canal?

Answer 2

Sphenoid bone

Question 3

In what bone is the infraorbital foramen?

Answer 3

Maxilla

Question 4

In what direction does the optic canal lie?

Answer 4

Medially

Question 5

Which walls of the orbit are thin?

Answer 5

Medial wall

Orbital floor - maxilla

Question 6

What surrounds the globe in the orbit?

Answer 6

Periorbital fat

Question 7

Name the muscle, and its parts, which makes up the external later of the eye

Answer 7

Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral
Orbital

Question 8

What does the orbital septum do?

Answer 8

Separates the superficial layer from the deep.

Question 9

What is the orbital septum made from?

Answer 9

Thickened connective tissue

Question 10

What does the tarsus do?

Answer 10

Gives shape to eyelid

Contains tarsal glands which produces lipids that stop tears from overflowing

Question 11

Where is the lacrimal gland?

Answer 11

Superolateral to the globe

Question 12

What is the hole in the posteromedial eyelid called?

Answer 12

Punctum

Question 13

What is the conjunctival fornix?

Answer 13

Angle where lower eyelid meets conjunctiva

Question 14

What is the limbus?

Answer 14

Where sclera meets cornea

Question 15

Where does the lacrimal sac drain to?

Answer 15

Nasolacrimal duct

Question 16

Where does nasolacrimal duct empty?

Answer 16

Inferior meatus

Question 17

What nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

Answer 17

Parasympathetic of CNVII

Question 18

What makes up the outer layer of eye?

Answer 18

Sclera

Cornea

Question 19

What is the middle layer of eye?

Answer 19

Uvea

Question 20

What is contained in the urea?

Answer 20

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

Question 21

What is within the retina?

Answer 21

Macula

Optic disc

Question 22

What are the segments of the eye?

Answer 22

Anterior

Posterior

Question 23

Where is the anterior segment?

Answer 23

In front of the lens

Question 24

The anterior segment is divided into anterior and posterior chamber.
What is in the anterior chamber?

Answer 24

Aqueous humour.

Between cornea and iris

Question 25

Where is the posterior chamber?

Answer 25

Between iris and suspensory ligaments

Question 26

What is contained in the posterior segment?

Answer 26

Vitreous humour

Question 27

What is the iridocorneal angle?

Answer 27

Angle between the iris and the cornea. Different from limbus!

Question 28

What does the ciliary body do?

Answer 28

Constricts and dilates the pupil

Question 29

Where is aqueous humour produced?

Answer 29

Ciliary body

Question 30

What is the pathway for aqueous humour?

Answer 30

Circulates in posterior chamber to nourish lens Pass through pupil - nourish cornea Reabsorbed into Canal of Schlemm

Question 31

Where is canal of schlemm?

Answer 31

Iridocorneal angle

Question 32

What is canal of Schlemm?

Answer 32

Scleral venous sinus

Question 33

What nerve supplies the optic disc?

Answer 33

CNII

Question 34

What is the macula?

Answer 34

High density of cones

Question 35

What area has the most acute vision?

Answer 35

Fovea

Question 36

What is the blind spot?

Answer 36

No rods or cones. | In the optic disc

Question 37

Where are the retinal vessels in relation to the photoreceptors?

Answer 37

Anterior to photoreceptors

Question 38

Where does the ophthalmic artery come from?

Answer 38

Internal carotid

Question 39

Where do ciliary arteries supply?

Answer 39

Choroid - the vessels which can be seen inflammed in conjunctivitis

Question 40

Which is the main artery to the retina?

Answer 40

Central retinal artery

Question 41

What is the danger triangle?

Answer 41

Upper lip and external nose. | Likely to burst a vein here which could cause infection going to brain

Question 42

Which veins drain the orbit?

Answer 42

Facial vein | Superior and Inferior ophthalmic vein

Question 43

Where does the orbit drain to?

Answer 43

Cavernous sinus

Question 44

Where do all the extra ocular muscles originate from?

Answer 44

Tendinous ring

Question 45

Which muscle is involved with the trochlea?

Answer 45

Superior oblique

Question 46

What is the trochlea made of?

Answer 46

Cartilage

Question 47

What is the purpose of the suspensory ligament of the eye?

Answer 47

Sling which holds the eye in the orbit

Question 48

When fractured, how does the zygoma rotate?

Answer 48

Medially

Question 49

What structure is at risk if the zygoma rotates medially?

Answer 49

Infraorbital NVB

Question 50

Where is the infraorbital NVB?

Answer 50

In the infraorbital canal

Question 51

Where, precisely, does CN V1 innervate?

Answer 51

Upper eyelid Cornea Conjunctiva anterior surface of nose

Question 52

Where, precisely, does CN V2 innervate?

Answer 52

Skin of lower eyelid Maxilla Ala of the nose Upper lip

Question 53

What nerve supplies the angle of the mandible?

Answer 53

C2, C3

Question 54

Where are action potentials from the cornea directed to?

Answer 54

Trigeminal ganglion to CN V to the pons

Question 55

How does the eyelid close in the blink reflex?

Answer 55

Connections between CN V and CN VII means that APs are conducted to the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

Question 56

In sympathetic nerves, where doe the pre and post synaptic axon synapse?

Answer 56

At the ganglion in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

Question 57

Which neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic outflow?

Answer 57

Presynaptically, acetylcholine | Postsynaptically, noradrenaline

Question 58

Where do presynaptic sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord?

Answer 58

At T1 | Then ascend to the cervical sympathetic trunk

Question 59

What are the 3 parts of the cervical sympathetic trunk?

Answer 59

Superior Middle Inferior ganglia

Question 60

Where do the presympathetic axons synapse?

Answer 60

Superior cervical ganglion

Question 61

Where do the post-synaptic axons go?

Answer 61

They enter the internal and external carotid nerves which are on the surfaces of the arteries

Question 62

Which artery carries sympathetic postsynaptic axons to the eye?

Answer 62

Ophthalmic artery

Question 63

Where does the ophthalmic artery come from?

Answer 63

Internal carotid artery

Question 64

Anatomically, where is the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 64

On the posterior side of the superior constrictor

Question 65

What is the stellate ganglion?

Answer 65

Fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion with the 1st thoracic ganglion

Question 66

Which 4 cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 66

3, 7, 9 and 10

Question 67

Which neurotransmitter is involved in synapses in parasympathetic axons?

Answer 67

Acetylcholine, both pre and post synaptically

Question 68

Where is the parasympathetic ganglion?

Answer 68

Within the target organ

Question 69

Which other nerves are parasympathetic supply important in?

Answer 69

Sacral spinal nerves

Question 70

How do presynaptic parasympathetic leave the CNS?

Answer 70

Leave with their respective cranial nerves

Question 71

What motor function does the inferior branch of CN III have?

Answer 71

Innervates medial and inferior rectus and inferior oblique and ciliary ganglion

Question 72

What motor function does the superior branch of CN III have?

Answer 72

Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris

Question 73

What are the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 73

Supply ciliary nerves, autonomic axons, to control the diameter of the pupil

Question 74

What are the two divisions of the ciliary nerve?

Answer 74

Long ciliary nerve | Short ciliary nerve

Question 75

What does the long ciliary nerve do?

Answer 75

Sympathetic and somatic sensory nerve

Question 76

What does the short ciliary nerve do?

Answer 76

Sympathetic and somatic sensory and parasympathetic

Question 77

Which ciliary nerve is involved in the blink reflex?

Answer 77

Long ciliary

Question 78

What is the accommodation reflex?

Answer 78

Focussing the lens to far and near

Question 79

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

Answer 79

Ability to focus on an object while head is turned.

Question 80

Which functions of the eye is parasympathetic ally controlled?

Answer 80

Less light into eyes by pupillary constriction Focus on near objects Reflex lacrimation

Question 81

Which structure contains both skeletal and smooth muscle?

Answer 81

Levator palpebrae superioris

Question 82

Which fibres are responsible for pupillary constriction?

Answer 82

Circular sphincter or pupillae fibres in the internal circumference

Question 83

What is the consensual light reflex?

Answer 83

Other eye will constrict in the presence of indirect light

Question 84

Which nerves are responsible for the direct and consensual light reflexes?

Answer 84

Afferent ipsilateral CN II connects in thalamus to produce a bilateral motor response via CN III

Question 85

See rest of that lecture for rest

Answer 85

Light reflexes are complicated