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Ophthamology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

In what bone is the supraorbital notch?

A

Frontal bone

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2
Q

In what bone is the optic canal?

A

Sphenoid bone

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3
Q

In what bone is the infraorbital foramen?

A

Maxilla

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4
Q

In what direction does the optic canal lie?

A

Medially

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5
Q

Which walls of the orbit are thin?

A

Medial wall

Orbital floor - maxilla

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6
Q

What surrounds the globe in the orbit?

A

Periorbital fat

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7
Q

Name the muscle, and its parts, which makes up the external later of the eye

A

Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral
Orbital

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8
Q

What does the orbital septum do?

A

Separates the superficial layer from the deep.

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9
Q

What is the orbital septum made from?

A

Thickened connective tissue

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10
Q

What does the tarsus do?

A

Gives shape to eyelid

Contains tarsal glands which produces lipids that stop tears from overflowing

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11
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland?

A

Superolateral to the globe

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12
Q

What is the hole in the posteromedial eyelid called?

A

Punctum

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13
Q

What is the conjunctival fornix?

A

Angle where lower eyelid meets conjunctiva

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14
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Where sclera meets cornea

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15
Q

Where does the lacrimal sac drain to?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

Where does nasolacrimal duct empty?

A

Inferior meatus

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17
Q

What nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic of CNVII

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18
Q

What makes up the outer layer of eye?

A

Sclera

Cornea

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19
Q

What is the middle layer of eye?

A

Uvea

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20
Q

What is contained in the urea?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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21
Q

What is within the retina?

A

Macula

Optic disc

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22
Q

What are the segments of the eye?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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23
Q

Where is the anterior segment?

A

In front of the lens

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24
Q

The anterior segment is divided into anterior and posterior chamber.
What is in the anterior chamber?

A

Aqueous humour.

Between cornea and iris

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25
Q

Where is the posterior chamber?

A

Between iris and suspensory ligaments

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26
Q

What is contained in the posterior segment?

A

Vitreous humour

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27
Q

What is the iridocorneal angle?

A

Angle between the iris and the cornea. Different from limbus!

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28
Q

What does the ciliary body do?

A

Constricts and dilates the pupil

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29
Q

Where is aqueous humour produced?

A

Ciliary body

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30
Q

What is the pathway for aqueous humour?

A

Circulates in posterior chamber to nourish lens
Pass through pupil - nourish cornea
Reabsorbed into Canal of Schlemm

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31
Q

Where is canal of schlemm?

A

Iridocorneal angle

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32
Q

What is canal of Schlemm?

A

Scleral venous sinus

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33
Q

What nerve supplies the optic disc?

A

CNII

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34
Q

What is the macula?

A

High density of cones

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35
Q

What area has the most acute vision?

A

Fovea

36
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

No rods or cones.

In the optic disc

37
Q

Where are the retinal vessels in relation to the photoreceptors?

A

Anterior to photoreceptors

38
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery come from?

A

Internal carotid

39
Q

Where do ciliary arteries supply?

A

Choroid - the vessels which can be seen inflammed in conjunctivitis

40
Q

Which is the main artery to the retina?

A

Central retinal artery

41
Q

What is the danger triangle?

A

Upper lip and external nose.

Likely to burst a vein here which could cause infection going to brain

42
Q

Which veins drain the orbit?

A

Facial vein

Superior and Inferior ophthalmic vein

43
Q

Where does the orbit drain to?

A

Cavernous sinus

44
Q

Where do all the extra ocular muscles originate from?

A

Tendinous ring

45
Q

Which muscle is involved with the trochlea?

A

Superior oblique

46
Q

What is the trochlea made of?

A

Cartilage

47
Q

What is the purpose of the suspensory ligament of the eye?

A

Sling which holds the eye in the orbit

48
Q

When fractured, how does the zygoma rotate?

A

Medially

49
Q

What structure is at risk if the zygoma rotates medially?

A

Infraorbital NVB

50
Q

Where is the infraorbital NVB?

A

In the infraorbital canal

51
Q

Where, precisely, does CN V1 innervate?

A

Upper eyelid
Cornea
Conjunctiva
anterior surface of nose

52
Q

Where, precisely, does CN V2 innervate?

A

Skin of lower eyelid
Maxilla
Ala of the nose
Upper lip

53
Q

What nerve supplies the angle of the mandible?

A

C2, C3

54
Q

Where are action potentials from the cornea directed to?

A

Trigeminal ganglion to CN V to the pons

55
Q

How does the eyelid close in the blink reflex?

A

Connections between CN V and CN VII means that APs are conducted to the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

56
Q

In sympathetic nerves, where doe the pre and post synaptic axon synapse?

A

At the ganglion in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

57
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic outflow?

A

Presynaptically, acetylcholine

Postsynaptically, noradrenaline

58
Q

Where do presynaptic sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord?

A

At T1

Then ascend to the cervical sympathetic trunk

59
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cervical sympathetic trunk?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior ganglia

60
Q

Where do the presympathetic axons synapse?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

61
Q

Where do the post-synaptic axons go?

A

They enter the internal and external carotid nerves which are on the surfaces of the arteries

62
Q

Which artery carries sympathetic postsynaptic axons to the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

63
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery come from?

A

Internal carotid artery

64
Q

Anatomically, where is the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion?

A

On the posterior side of the superior constrictor

65
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

Fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion with the 1st thoracic ganglion

66
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation?

A

3, 7, 9 and 10

67
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in synapses in parasympathetic axons?

A

Acetylcholine, both pre and post synaptically

68
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ganglion?

A

Within the target organ

69
Q

Which other nerves are parasympathetic supply important in?

A

Sacral spinal nerves

70
Q

How do presynaptic parasympathetic leave the CNS?

A

Leave with their respective cranial nerves

71
Q

What motor function does the inferior branch of CN III have?

A

Innervates medial and inferior rectus and inferior oblique and ciliary ganglion

72
Q

What motor function does the superior branch of CN III have?

A

Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris

73
Q

What are the ciliary ganglion?

A

Supply ciliary nerves, autonomic axons, to control the diameter of the pupil

74
Q

What are the two divisions of the ciliary nerve?

A

Long ciliary nerve

Short ciliary nerve

75
Q

What does the long ciliary nerve do?

A

Sympathetic and somatic sensory nerve

76
Q

What does the short ciliary nerve do?

A

Sympathetic and somatic sensory and parasympathetic

77
Q

Which ciliary nerve is involved in the blink reflex?

A

Long ciliary

78
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

Focussing the lens to far and near

79
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Ability to focus on an object while head is turned.

80
Q

Which functions of the eye is parasympathetic ally controlled?

A

Less light into eyes by pupillary constriction
Focus on near objects
Reflex lacrimation

81
Q

Which structure contains both skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

82
Q

Which fibres are responsible for pupillary constriction?

A

Circular sphincter or pupillae fibres in the internal circumference

83
Q

What is the consensual light reflex?

A

Other eye will constrict in the presence of indirect light

84
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the direct and consensual light reflexes?

A

Afferent ipsilateral CN II connects in thalamus to produce a bilateral motor response via CN III

85
Q

See rest of that lecture for rest

A

Light reflexes are complicated

Ophthamology (8 decks)

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