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microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

viruses are considered what?

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

some viruses store ____ molecule in their capsid

A

ATP

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3
Q

Viral genome can be

A

DNA/RNA
Single/Double stranded
Linear/Circular

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4
Q

Viruses adaptations

A
  1. Carry very few genes
  2. rely on host-cell machinary
  3. encode for >1 protein in a given length of the host genome
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5
Q

How do viruses accomplish the encoding of greater than 1 protein in a given length of the host genome?

A

By utilizing more than 1 reading frame within a piece of DNA

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6
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid genome

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7
Q

Capsid head

A

contains the genome

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8
Q

Capsid tail fibers

A

attach to the surface of the host cell

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9
Q

Capsid Base Plate

A

attach to the surface of the host cell (check??)

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10
Q

Capsid Sheath

A

contracts using energy from ATP

injects genome into the host cell (check this??)

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11
Q

Envelope

A

Surrounds the capsid
Composed of phosopholipid, carbohydrates, proteins = from the host cell membrane and protein that is encoded by the virus

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12
Q

Naked Viruses can be distinguished by what?

A

They have NO envelopes

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13
Q

What is the first viral product?
What is its function?
Is an example of what?

A

hydrolase
degradation of host genome
early gene

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14
Q

lysozyme

A

destroys bacterial cell wall

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15
Q

Lysozyme can be found

A

in human tears, saliva, phages, mucas, milk

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16
Q

lysozyme is an example of a

A

late gene

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17
Q

without the cell wall

A

osmotic pressure no longer is counteracted –> bursting fo cell

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18
Q

naked virus infection is determined by

A

viral surface

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19
Q

Prophage

A

phage genome incorporated into bacterial genome

“pro - phage “ - used to indicate characteristics of the virus

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20
Q

Lysogen

A

Bacterial genome with prophage

“lysogenic bacterium” - term is used to describe the state of the bacterial cell

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21
Q

When a virus is considered a prophage, does it produce viral progeny?

A

No.

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22
Q

when a virus is considered a prophage what term would characterize its gene or gene expression?

A

silent except for the gene(s) that code for proteins that maintain prophage, such as for the phage-encoded repressor

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23
Q

How does a prophage silence its gene expression?

A

a phage-encoded repressor binds to specific DNA elements in phage promoters (operators)

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24
Q

Do viruses have promoters?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Can viral gene expression be regulated by the virus?

A

Yes, example of phage encoded repressor

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26
Q

How do you think the expression of genes is regulated?

A

universally with as a few protein products and dna sequences required to regulate expression
(remember viruses code for as few things as possible)

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27
Q

Transduction

A

process where the activation of a prophage leads to excision from the host genome

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28
Q

Animal viruses enter a target cell by

A

endocytosis

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29
Q

Productive cycle

A

Applies to animal viruses only
Similar to lytic cycle
Differs from lytic cycle in that it does not destroy host cell

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30
Q

How does an animal virus avoid destroying the host cell?

A

by budding instead of lysis

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31
Q

What property of the membrane allows an animal virus to exit without rupturing the membrane?

A

lipid bilayer can reseal itself

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32
Q

Provirus

A

dormant form of viral genome in lysogenic cycle of animal viruses (animal equivalent of a prophage)

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33
Q

RNA (+)

A

single stranded
is essentially viral mRNA
requires RNA(-) intermediate to generate new (+) strand genomes

34
Q

RNA (-)

A

is essentially viral DNA equivalent (Note is not DNA itself_

is template for mRNA production

35
Q

Retroviruses

A

MUST encode for reverse transcriptase

36
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

is a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (takes RNA –> DNA)
violates a big theme of molecular biology that information flows in a unidirectional manner from DNA –> RNA –> Protein.

37
Q

List the 3 main retroviral genes and what they code for

A

gag - capsid
polt - reverse transcriptase
env - envelope

38
Q

dsDNA virsuses

A

often encode enzymes for DNA replication and polymerization
some induce host cell to enter mitosis
can override cell inhibition for cell division –> cancerous cell

39
Q

Bacteria do not contain what?

A

membrane bound organelles

40
Q

What organelle does bacteria contain

A

ribosome

41
Q

Bacterial genome is

A

circular
double stranded DNA
NOT associated with histones

42
Q

We can differentiate between a bacterial genome and a human genome by?

A

bacterial genome would not have histones (proteins) in it while human genomes do.

43
Q

Bacteria contain an extrachromosomal element called

A

a plasmid

44
Q

Plasmid characteristics

A

circular piece of dsDNA
aka extrachromosomal genetic elements
may be capable of autonomous replication (replicating even though the genome is not)

45
Q

Give the name for the following shaped bacteria:
round
rod-shaped
spiral shaped

A
  1. Round = Coccus / Cocci
  2. Rod-shaped = Bacillus/Bacilli
  3. Spiral-shaped = Spirochete, Spirillium, spirochetes, spirilla
46
Q

The cell wall of bacteria is equivalent to what structure/process of animal cells that accomplishes the same function

A

cell wall of bacteria prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure

animal cells have pumps that pump out ions that accomplish the same function

47
Q

Composition of bacteria cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan - Sugars & AA

contain D-Alanine (most AA are in L form)

48
Q

What destroys peptidoglycan?

A

lysozyme

destruction of peptidoglycan results in a protoplast

49
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan

Gram Stain - Dark Purple

50
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan
outer layer of Lipopolysaccharide
Gram Stain - Light Pink

51
Q

where might enzymes that degrade antibiotics be found?

A

periplasmic space

52
Q

endospores are formed by gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

gram positive (check??)

53
Q

Endotoxin are a normal component of what type of bacteria?

A

Gram Negative

54
Q

Where would an endotoxin be located on a gram negative bacteria

A

outer membrane

55
Q

Are endotoxins inherently posionous? How do they cause us to get sick?

A

No.

They cause a severe immune reaction

56
Q

Capsule

A

sticky layer of polysaccharide.
Surrounds bacterial cells & can also surround bacterial cell colony
enables bacteria to adhere to smooth surface
Capsule is a form of virulence

57
Q

Virulence

A

evades immune system

58
Q

Flagella

A

filaments

motility

59
Q

structural components of a flagella:

A

filament, hook, basal structure

60
Q

basal structure

A

anchor flagellum to the IM & OM of Gram negative bacteria

serve to rotate the rod & rest of attached flagellum in CW or CCW

61
Q

describe the structure of eukaryotic flagella.

A

Eukaryotic cillia and flagella = 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. centrioles are 9+0 arrangement.

62
Q

pili

A

long projections on bacterial surface involved in attaching to different surfaces
include the sex pilius

63
Q

sex pilius is involved in

A

conjugation

64
Q

Fimbraie

A

smaller structures involved in adherence to surfaces

65
Q

what bacterial structures are involved in adherence?

A

Fimbraie and Capsule

66
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

energy - organic molecule

carbon source - organic molecule

67
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

energy - sun

carbon source - organic molecule

68
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by O2

69
Q

why are obligate anaerobes poisoned by O2

A

because they lack a certain enzyme required for the detoxification of free radicals (free radicals form spontanously in the presence of O2)

70
Q

what is the electron acceptor in respiration

A

O2

71
Q

what is the electron acceptor in fermentation? what is the byproduct of fermentation?

A

pyruvate
Ethanol
Lactate

72
Q

Bacterial mechanisms for the acquisition of new genetic material are

A
  1. transduction
  2. transformation
  3. conjugation
73
Q

Carrying capacity is what? what is it specific for?

A

the max population @ stationary phase

specific for that environment

74
Q

what is the prokaryotic flagella made from

A

flagellum

75
Q

what is the eukaryotic flagella made from

A

microtubules

76
Q

How many bacteria are produce per a spore? what does that inherently tell you about population growth?

A

1 bacterial cell per a spore

bacteria cannot increase in population through spore formation

77
Q

germination

A

metabolic reactivation of endospore

78
Q

Conjugation

A

F+ male –> F- female

79
Q

F factor

A

single circular DNA
transferred unidirectionally
recombination –> integration

80
Q

make cards for virulence, biofilms, read more about flagella

A

THIS IS A HIGH YIELD TOPIC YOU REALLY SHOULD LEARN AS MUCH AS YOU CAN IN REGARDS TO THIS TOPIC

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