Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

sciences > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

vitamins are considered

A

cofactors / prosthetic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

another term for the GI tract is

A

alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During what stage in development is the GI tract developed?

A

Gastrulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The GI lumen is continuous with

A

the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelial cells

  • where are they located in the GI?
  • are generally found where inside the body?
A

line the outer surface of the GI lumen

generally found when in areas that have contact with the outside environment (e.g. GI lumen, respiratory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epithelial cells are attached to what?

A

the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Apical

A

faces lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tight junctions

A

bands running around the sides of epithelial cells.
separates body fluids from extracellular environment
apical is separated from remainder of cell surface by tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basolateral surface

A

sides & bottom of an epithelial cell that form the surface opposite of the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Desmosomes

A

a generalized cell junction used primarily for adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what 2 layers of smooth muscle line the gut?

A
  1. longitudinal

2. circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GI motility is defined as

A

rhythmic contractions of GI smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What factors influence GI motility

A
  1. Automaticity
  2. Functional syncytium
  3. Has its own NS4. Regulated by hormonal input5. Parasympathetic NS stimulates motility + causes sphincters to relax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GI motility has its own NS. What is it called?

A

Enteric NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does the Parasympathetic NS stimulate or inhibit GI motility

A

Parasympathetic NS stimulates motility[remember: Parasympathetic NS is rest or digest. GI motility promotes digestion]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does the sympathetic NS stimulate or inhibit GI motility

A

sympathetic NS inhibits motility[remember: sympathetic NS is fight or flight. Inhibiting motility inhibits digestion. You have more resources dedicated towards fighting or fleeing this way.]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of GI motility?

A
  1. Mixing of food

2. Movement of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mixing

A

disordered contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Movement

A

Ordered form of contraction aka Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Peristalsis utilizes which of the two smooth muscles in the gut?

A

peristalsis utilizes circular smooth muscle.
peristalsis contracts circular smooth muscle.
Prevents food from moving backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Movement is also aided by longitudinal smooth muscle. What effect does the contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle have on the gut?

A

contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle results in shortening of the gut AND forward movement of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What stimulates GI secretions

A
  1. Food in the gut

2. Parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What inhibits GI secretions

A

sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exocrine glands are made up of what?

A

specialized epithelial cells that are organized into sacs - Acini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acinar cells secrete products that

A

pass into ducts –> GI lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GI Exocrine organs

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

While the liver, gallbladder and pancreas include most exocrine secretions, there are still some exocrine secretion is accounted for by what?

A

specialized individual epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the specialized individual epithelial cellsspecialized individual epithelial cells that perform exocrine secretions located?

A

in the wall of the gut itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

specialized individual epithelial cells release secretions _______

A

directly into the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

specialized individual epithelial cells examples

A

gastric glands - release acid + pepsinogengoblet cells - secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of mucus

A

to protect and lubricate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is water considered a secretion? where is it reabsorbed?

A

yes.

in the small intestine and than the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Endocrine secretions are picked up by

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

if an organ has both endocrine and exocrine glands than ______

A

the functions are performed by different cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands. name the cells that are responsible for each

A

Endocrine - Islets of LangerhansExocrine - pancreatic acinar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GI tract?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A

lubrication & digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

saliva contains

A

contains salivary amylasesmall amount of lingual lipaselysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

saliva lysozyme is made by

A

lytic phages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

salivary amylase converts

A

ptyalin -starch –> disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mouth performs zero digestion of

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The pharynx is the _______.
It has ___ number of tubes.
The tubes are _____

A

The pharynx is the throatIt has 2 tubes.

The tubes are trachea and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The trachea is lined with

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The trachea is conveys

A

air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the trachea is commonly referred to as the

A

windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Epiglottis is _____

A

cartilagious flap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the function of the epiglottis is to

A

exclude solids and liquids from the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

food follows the path

A

through the pharynx
over the epiglottis into the esophagus
peristaltic action of the esophagus conveys it to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

lower esophagus sphincter is also referred to as the

A

cardiac sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the function of the lower esophagus sphincter is to the location of the lower esophagus sphincter is

A

prevent refluxnear the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

we have ____ esophagus sphincter(s)

A

2

upper esophagus sphincter lower esophagus sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the gastric pH is

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

parietal cells secreteare located in

A

parietal cells secrete HClare located in gastric mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

pepsin is secreted in what form

A

as a zymogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by

A

gastric acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

pepsinogen is activated by

A

acidic proteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

most zymogens are activated by

A

proteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

chyme is

A

food + gastric secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

prevents passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

regulation of the pyloric sphincter:inhibited when

A

inhibition of opening of the pyloric sphincter occurs when the small intestine has a large load of chymeCCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

when the small intestine has a large load of chyme, what 2 things specifically inhibit further stomach emptying?

A

the pH of the small intestine inhibits further emptying

the stretching of the duodenum also prevents the opening of the pyloric sphincter by causing sphincter contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

pyloric sphincter contraction is associated with

A

inhibition of stomach emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The regulation of the pyloric sphincter is mediated by

A

nerves connecting the duodenum, stomach and by hormones (CCK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

CCK is secreted by what type of cells?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What stimuli cause the secretion of CCK?

A

fats in the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

CCK causes

A

secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas
stimulates gallbladder contraction
decreases gastric motility
inhibits stomach emptying

68
Q

Gastrin is secreted by

A

G cells

69
Q

Gastrin stimulates

A

acid & pepsin secretion
gastric motility
histamine secretion

70
Q

Gastrin is stimulated by

A

food in the stomachparasympathetic stimulation

71
Q

The _____ stimuli cause the secretion of histamine

A

stomach stretching and gastrin

72
Q

Histamine binds to

A

H+ receptors on parietal cells

73
Q

Histamine stimulates

A

acid release by parietal cells

74
Q

the 3 segments of the small intestine include

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
75
Q

Digestion begins where?

A

the mouth

76
Q

Digestion is completed where?

A

duodenum & jejunum (segments of the small intestine)

77
Q

Absorption begins where?

and continues through?

A

the duodenum the small intestine

78
Q

What key feature of the small intestine allows it to accomplish absorption?

A

its large surface area

79
Q

the large surface area of the small intestine is attributed to its

A

lengthvillimicrovilli

80
Q

villi are

A

macroscopicmulticellular projections in the wall of the small intestine

81
Q

microvilli

A

microscopic foldings of the cell membrane of individual intestinal epithelial cells

82
Q

Brush border is _____ surface

A

the lumenal surface of the small intestine

83
Q

Intestinal villus are

A

a finger-like projection of the wall of the gut into the lumen

84
Q

Important structures of intestinal villus are

A
  1. villus
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. peyer patches
85
Q

intestinal villus contains ________ that absorb monosaccharides & amino acids

A

capillaries.
Capillaries merge into veins.
Veins merge into the large heptatic portal vein

86
Q

the large heptatic portal vein transports blood containing

A

amino acids and carbohydrates from the guit to the liver

87
Q

peyer patches are part of the _______ system.

Define peyer patches

A

dotting the villi that monitor GI contents and thus confer immunity to gut pathogens and toxins

88
Q

2 ducts empty into the duodenum

A
  1. pancreatic duct

2. common bile duct

89
Q

pancreatic duct

A

delivers exocrine secretions of the pancreas (digestive enzymes and bicarbonate)

90
Q

common bile duct

A

delivers bile contains bile acids

91
Q

Bile acids are made from ______ in the ______.

They are essential for what?

A

cholesterol in the liver essential for fat digestion

92
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

both ducts (pancreatic and common bile duct) empty into the duodenum from the same orifice which is the sphincter of oddi.

93
Q

duodenal enzymes are secreted by what cells

A

epithelial cells secrete enzymes

94
Q

are all duodenal enzymes secreted ?

A

no.
some are not secreted.
They can also work inside the surface of the brush border epithelial cells.
These are referred to as brush border enzymes

95
Q

duodenal hormones are secreted by

A

epithelial cells

96
Q

the list of duodenal enzymes includes:

A
  1. CCK
  2. Secretin
  3. Enterogastrone
97
Q

CCK main point

A

it promotes fat digestion and inhibits further stomach emptying

98
Q

CCK is secreted in response to

A

fat in the duodenum

99
Q

CCK’s effect is

A

its effector is the pancreas
causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
stimulates gallbladder (effector) contraction –> Bile release
decreases gastric motility (slowing down of the stomach)

100
Q

gallbladder contraction

A

causes the release of bile

101
Q

Secretin main point

A

required for digestion to occur

its effector is the pancreas

102
Q

Secretin is secreted in response to

A

acid in the duodenum

103
Q

Secretin’s main effect is

A

pancreas (effector) releases high - pH aq.

Buffer HCO3- in water —> neutralization of HCl released by the stomach (the effect)

104
Q

Enterogastrone main point is

A

decreases stomach emptying

105
Q

If its not absorbed in the duodenum than it is absorbed in the

A

jejunum & ileum

106
Q

digestion ends in the

A

jejunum

107
Q

Absorption occurs in the

A

ileum

108
Q

the lower small intestine performs

A

special absorptive processes

109
Q

Vitamin B12 is only in the

A

ileum

110
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

separates the ileum from the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine

111
Q

colon

A

muscular tube
part of large intestine
roles is to absorb water and minerals and to form and store feces until defecation

112
Q

the cecum

A

first part of the colon

entrance of chyme into cecum is ileocecal valve

113
Q

appendix

A

finger-like appendage of the cecum

composed primarily of lymphatic tissue

114
Q

colon has a lot of

A

facultative / obligate anaerobes

115
Q

trypsinogen is converted into its active form by

A

enterokinase

116
Q

Conversion of trypsinogen occurs in the

A

brush border

117
Q

trypsin activates what

A

chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, procollagenase

118
Q

the duodenum secretes

A
  1. CCK –> causes the pancreas to secrete enzymes
  2. secretin –> causes the pancreas to secrete water and HCO3-
  3. parasympathetic activation –> increased pancreatic secretion
119
Q

the alpha cells

A

part of the endocrine pancreas
secrete glucagon
mobilize fuel by stimulating the liver and adipocytes to release glucose and fats into the bloodstream

120
Q

the beta cells

A

part of the endocrine pancreas
secrete insulin
stimulated to secrete insulin when we have elevated blood sugar
insulin lowers blood sugar

121
Q

the delta cells

A

part of the endocrine pancreas
secrete somatostatin
somatostatin inhibits digestive processes

122
Q

only _______ can lower blood glucose

A

only insulin can lower blood glucose

123
Q

excess glucose does what?

A

it destroys many physiological systems @ cellular level including neurons, blood vessels & the kidneys

124
Q

increasing blood glucose is done by:

A

3 hormones

  1. Glucagon (peptide hormone)
  2. Ephinephrine (AA derivative)
  3. Cortisol (steroid)
125
Q

liver exocrine function does what

A

secretes bile

126
Q

bile’s principal ingredient is what?

A
  1. bile acids
  2. cholesterol
  3. bilirubin
127
Q

bile’s function is what?

A

it emulsifies fat particles in the duodenum into smaller clusters –> micelles

128
Q

micelles have ________ which make them easily digested by ________

A

micelles have __GREATER SURFACE AREA______ which make them easily digested by __HYDROPHILLIC LIPASES______

129
Q

Bile also does what? (part of its function)

A

bile’s other function is to help fatty particles diffuse across the intestinal mucosal membrane

130
Q

Bile is made in ______

A

bile is made in the ____liver_____

131
Q

Bile from the liver goes two places which are

A

bile from the liver is 1) secreted directly into the duodenum 2) stored in the gallbladder

132
Q

bile in the gallbladder is ________ & released _______

A

bile in the gallbladder is _CONCENTRATED_______ & released _AFTER A FATTY MEAL______

133
Q

gallbladder has _______ activity

A

gallbladder has _NO SECRETORY______ activity

134
Q

the constriction of the gallbladder walls is stimulated by

A

CCK & the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the constriction of the gallbladder walls

135
Q

release of bile is dictated by ______

A

release of bile is dictated by __hormones & the nervous system____

136
Q

liver receives blood from two sources:

A
  1. Hepatic arteries - oxygenated blood

2. Hepatic portal vein - venous blood draining the stomach & the intestines

137
Q

the hepatic arteries deliver

A

the hepatic arteries deliver __oxygenated blood___

138
Q

Hepatic portal vein deliver

A

Hepatic portal vein deliver __venous blood draining the stomach & the intestines__

139
Q

the function of hepatocytes are

A

the function of hepatocytes are:

  1. extract nutrients from the liver
  2. monitor blood
140
Q

what two groups contain glycogen?

A

both contain glycogen

  1. the liver
  2. skeletal muscle
141
Q

only the liver can

A

only the liver can ___release free glucose into the blood___

142
Q

why can only the liver release free glucose?

A

because G6P must be dephosphorylated and only the liver contains G6P Phosphatase

143
Q

protein waste products are regulated by the ______

A

protein waste products are regulated by the __liver____

144
Q

How does the liver assist with lipid metabolism

A

chylomicron remanants are taken up by hepatocytes. they combine the remanants with proteins to form –> lipoproteins.
lipoproteins re-enter the blood

145
Q

lipoproteins are the source of ______ for other tissues of the body

A

lipoproteins are the source of _cholesterol and triglycerides_____ for other tissues of the body

146
Q

the liver makes important _____ secretes them

A

the liver makes important __plasma proteins___ secretes them

147
Q

_____ major center for drug & toxin detox

A

__liver___ major center for drug & toxin detox

148
Q

no _____ digestion occurs in the mouth

A

no _protein____ digestion occurs in the mouth

149
Q

WHY is the liver the major center for drug & toxin detox?

A

the Smooth ER of Hepatocytes has an enzyme pathway that breaks down drugs & toxins –> less toxic excreteable products

150
Q

monosaccharides must use _______ to be taken into intestinal epithelial cells

A

monosaccharides must use __secondary active transport_____ to be taken into intestinal epithelial cells

151
Q

sugars dissolve in _______

A

sugars dissolve in __hepatic portal vein_____

152
Q

when there is chyme in the duodenum

A
  1. duodenum to secrete CCK and Secretin
  2. the gallbladder to release concentrated bile
  3. pancreas to release a basic solution of HCO3- plus digestive zymogens
153
Q

Amino acid absorption

A

a 2 Active transporter (symport) specific to each AA complex uptake with Na+
followed by uniport facilitates movement out of the intestinal epithelial cells into the interstitutium

154
Q

pancreas sends enzymes into the gut via ________

A

pancreas sends enzymes into the gut via ___sphincter of Oddi_____

155
Q

CCK stimulates gallbladder _________ which causes _______

A

CCK stimulates gallbladder ___contraction______ which causes __bile into the bile duct into the duodenum_____

156
Q

Micelles are ______ by ____

A

Micelles are __hydrolyzed____ by __pancreatic lipases__

157
Q

micelles are hydrolyzed into ___________

A

micelles are hydrolyzed into __triglycerides –> monoglycerides + free fatty acid_________

158
Q

hydrolyzed triglyceride produces

A

monoglyceride

free fatty acids

159
Q

monoglycerides and free fatty acid move into the intestinal epithelial via ______

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acid move into the intestinal epithelial via __diffusion____

160
Q

inside the epithelial cells monoglycerides are converted back into _______ which are packaged into _________

A

inside the epithelial cells monoglycerides are converted back into __triglycerides_____ which are packaged into __chylomicrons_______

161
Q

lacteals are

A

lymphatic capillaries

162
Q

_______ and _______ tissues contain the enzyme lipoprotein lipase

A

__adipose_____ and __liver_____ tissues contain the enzyme lipoprotein lipase

163
Q

free fatty acids diffuse into ______ and _______ cells where they are made into ______ and then ______

A

free fatty acids diffuse into __adipocytes____ and __liver___ cells where they are made into __triglycerides____ and then __stored____

164
Q

Fat soluble vitamins require ______ for solubilization and absorption

A

Fat soluble vitamins require __bile acids____ for solubilization and absorption

165
Q

excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in __________ tissue

A

excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in __adipose________ tissue

sciences (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions