carbohydrates

Question 1

How do you remember the structure of fructose?

Answer 1

Fructose is the ketose of glucose

Question 2

How do you remember the structure of galactose?

Answer 2

Galactose is the C-4 epimer of glucose

Question 3

Anomers

Answer 3

vary at the chirality of the most oxidized Carbon. The CYCLIC sugars vary at the chirality of the hemiacetal (aldoses) or hemiketal (ketoses)

Question 4

Epimers

Answer 4

vary at the chirality at any one of the less oxidized carbons.

Question 5

For anomers to exist what must form does the structure of a sugar need to be in?

Answer 5

cyclic

Question 6

D-Glucose mnemonic

Answer 6

F** glucose

Question 7

D-Mannose mnemonic

Answer 7

man uses his gun

Question 8

D-Ribose mnemonic

Answer 8

Ribose is ALL RIGHT

Question 9

epimers are what form of stereoisomer?

Answer 9

diastereomers

Question 10

pyrans

Answer 10

six membered rings

Question 11

furans

Answer 11

five membered rings

Question 12

What does alpha anomer mean

Answer 12

technically means that the C1 OH is trans to the last carbon

Question 13

What does beta anomer mean

Answer 13

technically means that the C1 OH is cis to the last carbon

Question 14

The beta anomer has all its substituents equatorial in the chair conformation. What is the orientation of the C1, C3, C5 substituents of the alpha anomer?

Answer 14

axial, equatorial, equatorial

Question 15

To go from linear to cyclic (six membered ring), which hydroxl group attacks the carbonyl group?

Answer 15

the last chiral carbon’s OH group attacks the carbonyl to form a hemiacetal

Question 16

for aldohexoses to go from linear to furanose what is the mechanism?

Answer 16

the C4 OH group attacks the carbonyl group. the C4 has as its substituents C5 - CH2OH.

Question 17

What is the mnemonic for remembering the conversion between Fisher projection and Haworth project? Which carbons does it apply to?

Answer 17

downright uplefting. It applies to the C2 - C4 (for aldohexoses that form pyranoses)

Question 18

How to know if the glycosidic linkage is Alpha or beta?

Answer 18

If the C1 carbon of the linkage was alpha, then the linkage is alpha. If the C1 carbon of the linkage was beta, then the linkage was beta

Question 19

What is the glycosidic linkage of sucrose? what are the two monosaccharides it is composed of?

Answer 19

alpha 1,2. composed of glucose (six membered) and fructose (5 membered ring)

Question 20

dissacharride naming: the left sugar suffix is ? the right sugar’s suffix is? the ordering of sugars in the name?

Answer 20

left sugar suffix is -osyl

Question 21

glycogen glycosidic linkage is?

Answer 21

alpha 1,4 linkage

Question 22

branching is what

Answer 22

1,6

Question 23

which polysaccharides have branching?

Answer 23

glycogen, amylopectin is the branched form of amylose which is the polymer of glucose that exists in plants

Question 24

which polysaccharides do NOT have branching?

Answer 24

cellulose, amylose

Question 25

every ___ residues glycogen has branch point

Answer 25

10

Question 26

ketoses form what type of rings

Answer 26

5 membered rings