Microbiology 18 - Bacterial and viral vaccines

Question 1

What is the equation for herd immunity threshold?

Answer 1

1 - 1/R0

Question 2

Recall 3 vaccines that are made up of inactivated virus components

Answer 2

Mnemoninc: Inactivated Components of Pathogen
Influenza
Cholera
Polio

Question 3

Recall some pros and cons of inactivated vaccines

Answer 3

Pros: stable, can’t cause disease
Cons: need several doses, local reactions are common, short-lived immunity, an adjuvant is needed

Example: IPV- Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Question 4

Recall 2 examples of attenuated vaccines

Answer 4

MMR
Yellow fever
(oral polio)
Rotavirus

Question 5

Recall some pros and cons of attenuated vaccines

Answer 5

Pros: longer-lasting immunity - injection of whole pathogen means there can also be reaction to >1 antigen
Cons: Can revert to virulence

Examples: MMR, Yellow fever, Oral polio vaccine

Question 6

Recall 2 examples of toxoid vaccines

Answer 6

Tetanus
Diptheria

Safe to give in immunosuppressed as not active/live in any way

Question 7

Recall 2 examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 7

Hep B

HPV

Question 8

What type of vaccine is the HiB vaccine?

Answer 8

Conjugate vaccine (a poorly immunogenic antigen paired with a highly immunogenic protein/ adjuvant)

Question 9

Live vaccine should not be given when:

Answer 9

Patient is immunosuppressed/On high dose steroids

Patient has received immunoglobulin in the past 3 months (vaccine will have no impact as a result)

Question 10

Give an example of a heterotypic vaccine

Answer 10

BCG- pathogens that infect other animals but do not cause disease or cause mild disease in humans

Question 11

Give two examples of viral vectored vaccines

Answer 11

Ebola
AZ covid vaccine

Uses a modified virus (e.g adenovirus) to deliver genetic code for an antigen

Side note: If you have had the ebola vaccine, taking the AZ vaccine will not be very effective as your body will recognise the adenovirus as foreign too early

Question 12

Nucleic acid vaccines:

Answer 12

Pfizer, Moderna

Use DNA (does not exist yet but in research-fear of incorporating into human dna)/RNA from pathogen

Question 13

the oral polio vaccine is live attenuated so can revert back

Answer 13

plos me na

Question 14

6in1 vaccine:

Answer 14

DTaP, HiB,IPV,HBV

DT- toxoid vaccines

HiB- Conjugate vaccine

IPV- Inactivated Component of Pathogen (Others- Influenza, Cholera)

HBV- Subunit vaccine (other examples are HPV, MenB,ACWY)