Histopathology 12 - Respiratory pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of causes of pulmonary oedema?

A
  1. Leaky capillaries (drugs, inhalation of particles, pancreatitis)
  2. Back pressure from a failing left ventricle (left heart failure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does diffuse alveolar damage appear on CXR?

A

Firm and expanded lungs

whiteout appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the acute features of the airway in asthma?

A

Acute bronchospasm
Acute mucosal oedema
Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the chronic features of the airway in asthma?

A
Smooth muscle hypertrophy
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Eosinophil infiltration
Airway narrowing
Mucus plugging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the features of chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic cough productive of sputum

Most days for at least 3 months over at least 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does chronic hypoxia affect the heart?

A

Pulmonary hypertension —> right heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent loss of the alveolar parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the genetic association of emphysema?

A

Alpha 1 anti-trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Recall the pathophysiology of emphysema

A

Smoking causes inflammation
Neutrophil and macrophage involvement
Proteases recruited
Breakdown of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does lung bullous rupture cause?

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent abnormal dilatation of bronchi with inflammation and fibrosis into adjacent parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Recall the complications of bronchiectasis

A

Haemoptysis
Pulmonary HTN
RHF
Amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which condition has the strongest association with bronchiectasis?

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

Inflammation centred around airway

More common in immunocompromised patients with low virulence pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does bronchopneumonia often affect?

A

Lower lobes

17
Q

Which type of pneumonia has become much rarer since ABx have been in use?

A

Lobar pneumonia

18
Q

What is empyema?

A

Infected pleural effusion

19
Q

Which type of pneumonia is most likely to cause interstitial inflammation?

A

Atypical pneumonias

20
Q

What are the most common lung tumours?

A

Epithelial tumours - non small cell and small cell

21
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma (most common in non-smokers, KRAS, EGFR mutations)
Squamous cell carcinoma (PTHrp, p53 mutations)
Large cell carcinoma

22
Q

Which 2 types of lung cancer are most associated with smoking?

A
Squamous cell (strongest correlation to smoking)
Small cell (p53, RB1 mutations common, small "oat cells")
23
Q

Where is squamous cell carcinoma most likely to develop in the lung?

A

Centrally

24
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas typically develop?

A

Peripherally

Most common cancer in non-smokers

25
Q

Which mutations are smokers most likely to develop in adenocarcinomas?

A

K ras

p53

26
Q

Which mutations are non-smokers most likely to develop in adenocarcinomas?

A

EGFR

27
Q

Which type of lung cancer is assoiated with the most paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Small cell

28
Q

Cystic fibrosis gene mutation?

35y/o non-smoker, liver and lung problems. Diagnosis?

small oat cells?

A

CFTR on chrm 7

alpha1 anti-trypsin

small cell lung cancer

29
Q

iron-laded macrophages?

A

heart-failure cells- seen in pulmonary oedema due to heart failure

30
Q

lung path: eosonophilic infiltrates vs neutrophilic infitrates

A

eos- asthma

neut- copd