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Dr Bishoy Voice Shots > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics inhibiting DNA synthesis

A

Ciprofloxacin
Metronidazole
Sulphonamide
Trimethoprim

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2
Q

Antibiotics inhibiting RNA synthesis

A

Rifampicin

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3
Q

Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis

A

macrolides—erythromycin,clarithromycin

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4
Q

Infection related with watercress eating

A

Fasciola hepatica

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5
Q

Site of fasciola hepatica maturation

A

Within bile duct during chronic phase

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6
Q

Symptoms of chronic phase of fasciola hepatica infection

A

Intermittent pain
Anemia

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7
Q

Treatment of fasciola hepatica

A

Triclabendazole / ERCP

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8
Q

Prodromal phase time of infection with clostridium perfringens

A

Several hours later

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9
Q

Food poisoning from wedding may cause by Which organism and why

A

Clostridium perfringens due to resistance to boiling

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10
Q

Type of staphylococcus aureus

A

Facultatively anaerobic
Gram positive
Catalase positive
Causing haemolysis on blood agar

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11
Q

Most common cause of cuteneous infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Because 20% of population is long term carrier

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12
Q

Bacterial cause of endocarditis

A

Streptococcus bovis

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13
Q

Bacterial related with septicemia with carcinoma of colon

A

Streptococcus bovis

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14
Q

Infection of native cardiac valve caused by Which organism

A

Streptococcus viridens

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15
Q

Infection of prosthetic cardiac valve caused by Which organism

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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16
Q

What would happen to testes during Fourier gangrene

A

Spared
It only involves skin and fascia

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17
Q

Causative organism of Fournier gangrene

A

E coli
Bacteroides

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18
Q

Meleney’s gangrene

A

Necrotising fascists of trunk

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19
Q

Where we can find dirty dish fluid discharge

A

In necrotising fascitis

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20
Q

Common cause of bacterial diarrhea in immunocompromised patients

A

Cryptosporidium

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21
Q

Relation of clostridium deficile with antibiotics

A

It may infect after irresponsible administration of broad spectrum of antibiotics

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22
Q

Clinical feature of clostridium deficile

A

Pseudomembranous colitis
Yellowish black plaque over damaged epithelium

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23
Q

Type is vibrio cholera

A

Short comma shaped gram negative rod

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24
Q

Manifestation of cholera

A

Sudden onset of effortless vomiting and profuse watery diarrhoea

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25
Q

Management of cholera

A

Correction of fluid and electrolytes imbalance

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26
Q

Bacterial cause of Hospital acquired watery diarrhoea

A

Clostridium deficile

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27
Q

Risk of Which infection may be increased by use of broad spectrum antibiotic

A

Clostridium deficile

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28
Q

Route of spread of clostridium deficile

A

Feco oral
Inhalation of spores

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29
Q

Type of enterobius vermicuilaris

A

Pin worm

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30
Q

Which worm may cause iron deficiency anemia

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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31
Q

Treatment of diarrhoea by giardia

A

Metronidazole

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32
Q

Treatment of cryptographic

A

Metronidazole

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33
Q

TPN associated liver disease

A

Painless jaundice(non calcular, non obstructive)
Fatty liver
Hepatic dysfunction
Due to long time use of TPN

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34
Q

Charcot’s triad indicates what

A

Cholingitis

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35
Q

E coli causing in children but adult

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

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36
Q

Relation of revascularization with amputation

A

Never amputate before trying revascularization

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37
Q

Treatment of amebic liver abscess

A

Metronidazole

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38
Q

Treatment of hydatid cyst

A

Mebendazole

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39
Q

Never wait for fluctuation test to be positive in abscess

A

Breast
Parotid
Palm/fingertip
Perineal

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40
Q

Abscess must be aspirated

A

A amebic
B brain
C cold

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41
Q

Alpha streptococcus

A

Pneumoniae
Viridens

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42
Q

Group B beta streptococcus

A

Agalactica

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43
Q

Group A beta streptococcus

A

Pyogens

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44
Q

Disease by alpha streptococcus

A

Pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media

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45
Q

Disease by group B beta streptococcus

A

Neonatal meningitis & spticemia

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46
Q

Disease by group a beta streptococcus

A

Erysipelas cellulitis
Type 2 necrotising fascitis
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis

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47
Q

Which streptococcus may cause glomerulonephritis

A

Group A beta

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48
Q

rheumatic heart disease related streptococcus

A

GAS (group A streptococcus)-pyogens

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49
Q

Cause of scarlet fever

A

GAS by erythrogenic toxin

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50
Q

Action of macrolides

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, PREVENTING the TRANSLATION of mRNA and the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This makes them bacteriostatic, but at high doses they can be bactericidal.

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51
Q

Adverse effect of erythromycin

A

GI upsets
Cholestatic jaundice
Inhibiting P450 enzyme

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52
Q

Diagnosis of fasciola hepatica

A

Stool sample
Serology
Also USG finding of intraluminal parasites

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53
Q

State of worn during acute phase of fasciola hepatica

A

Immature worms begin to penetrate gut

54
Q

Skin change during fasciola hepatica infection

A

Rash in acute phase

55
Q

Site of maturation of fasciola hepatica

A

Bile duct

56
Q

CBC of chronic phase of fasciola hepatica

A

Anaemia

57
Q

Time for symptoms of infection with clostridium perfringens and what symptoms with rival sooner infective manifestation

A

Several hours
Food poisoning
Rival is staphylococcus aureus

58
Q

Basis of large volume fluid in stool in Ecoli

A

Enterotoxin ST by enterotoxigenic E coli view cyclic gAMP

59
Q

Association of septicemia with streptococcus bovis

A

Carcinoma colon
Endocarditis

60
Q

Antibiotic for campylobacter jejuni

A

Not routinely advised but
Quinolones are very effective
(nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin.)

61
Q

Pathogens for necrotizing fasciitis

A

Mostly polymicrobial -Both aerobic +anaerobic
Ecoli (with/out O2)
Bacteroides (without O2)
Isolated streptococcus 15% cases

62
Q

Opportunist diarrhoeal infection

A

Cryptorchidism mostly
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter

63
Q

Raid spread of diarrhea in hospital by which organism

A

Clostridium defficile

64
Q

Vascular involvement of syphilis

A

Involves proximity aorta causing aneurysm

65
Q

Infective cause of hard painless groin ulcer

A

Treponema pallium

66
Q

What is gumma lesion

A

Diffuse lymphadenopathy in tertiary syphilis

67
Q

Why visualize actinomyces and to see what to diagnose

A

Culture is difficult
To see sulphur granules

68
Q

feature of actinomycosis

A

Sulfur granules are a characteristic feature of actinomycosis, a rare bacterial infection that causes painful abscesses and tunneling wounds

69
Q

What they are and Why they are called sulfur granules and What they indicate

A

Sulfur granules are clumps of immune cells and bacteria that appear in the pus from actinomycosis abscesses.
They are named for their yellow appearance, but can also be white, gray, or brown.
The presence of sulfur granules indicates a granulomatous and suppurative infection

70
Q

What is Actinomycosis with treatment

A

Actinomycosis is caused by the bacteria Actinomyces, which infects by reducing oxygen levels and inhibiting the body’s defenses. The most common types of actinomycosis are cervicofacial, pulmonary, and abdominal.

High doses of intravenous penicillin, followed by oral penicillin
Surgical drainage of abscesses
Excision of sinus tracts
Removal of infected masses

71
Q

Which parasite can cause surgical jaundice

A

Ascaris

72
Q

Which parasite can cause intestinal obstruction

A

Ascaris

73
Q

Basis of prehepatic jaundice

A

Conditions increasing hemolysis

74
Q

Other name of posthepatic jaundice

A

Obstructive
Surgical
Direct jaundice
conjugated jaundice
water soluble bilirubin
excreted in urine (dark yellow)
So positive urinalysis

75
Q

Symptoms by O157 E coli

A

Hemorrhagic colitis
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (children)
TTP

76
Q

Disease by EBV

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Post transplant lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

77
Q

Infection with pungent aroma caused by

A

Bacteroides

78
Q

is bacteroides part of gut Flora

A

Yes, Bacteroides is a common part of the human gut flora:

Abundance: Bacteroides make up about 25% of the intestinal microbiota.Bacteroides are a dominant microflora in the human gut.Bacteroides are found in the gut, mouth, upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.

79
Q

Importance of bacteroides in surgery

A

Bacteroides can cause serious infections if they spread to the bloodstream or surrounding tissues from normal GUT Flora.This can happen if the mucosal surface is disrupted by inflammation, trauma, or SURGERY.

80
Q

Incubation period of HBV

A

6-20 weeks

81
Q

Examples of antivirals for HBV

A

Lamivudine
Tenofovir
Entecavir

82
Q

Cornerstone of treatment of necrotizing fasciitis

A

Thorough debridement

83
Q

Antibiotic for cellulitis

A

Penicillin
If by group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes

84
Q

Type I and type II necrotizing fasciitis differ

A

Type I and type II necrotizing fasciitis differ in the type of bacteria that causes the infection, the risk factors, and the patient profile:
Type I
Also known as POLYmicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, this type is caused by a mix of aerobic-Ecoli and anaerobic-bacteroides bacteria. It’s most common after surgery, in people with diabetes, or in those with peripheral vascular disease. Patients with type I necrotizing fasciitis are often immunoCOMPROMISED.
Type II
Also known as MONOmicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, this type is usually caused by group A streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. It can occur after surgery, from penetrating trauma, varicella infection, burns, or minor cuts. Patients with type II necrotizing fasciitis are usually immunoCOMPETENT and have a history of trauma.

85
Q

Immunolocal reactive streptococcus

A

GAS (group A streptococcus)
like Pyogenes
Causing-
PSGN
Rheumatoid fever

86
Q

which GAS cause scarlet fever

A

Pyogenes

87
Q

Disease by group B beta hemolytic streptococcus

A

Neonatal meningitis
Septicemia
—by agalactica

88
Q

A biofilm composition and function

A

A biofilm is defined as a community of microorganisms attached to an inert or living surface by a self-produced polymeric matrix or an assemblage of microbial cells associated with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of primarily polysaccharide material.

89
Q

Why is Clostridium difficile resistant to antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic resistance in C. difficile has a multifactorial nature. Acquisition of genetic elements and alterations of the antibiotic target sites, as well as other factors, such as variations in the metabolic pathways and biofilm production, contribute to the survival of this pathogen in the presence of antibiotics.

90
Q

what to use to kill difficile

A

Antibiotics and disinfectants (chlorine bleach,hydrogen peroxide) are used to treat and kill Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections and spores, respectively

91
Q

main treatment for C. diff infections

A

antibiotics, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin. The type of antibiotic prescribed depends on the severity of the infection. BUT IF the infection is CAUSED BY antibiotics, a healthcare provider may stop the patient from taking them.

92
Q

Relation of clostridium with oxygen

A

C. diff spores die when they come into contact with oxygen.

93
Q

relation of broad spectrum antibiotics with C. difficile

A

Most antibiotics, including broad-spectrum antibiotics meant to target a wide range of microorganisms, are ineffective against C. difficile.

94
Q

Which infection causes pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

95
Q

Symptoms of Pseudomembranous colitis

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea, bleeding or PUS in stool

96
Q

Basis of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Enterotoxin of clostridium difficile

97
Q

Risk factors of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Use of broad spectrum antibiotics
Contact with person infected with Clostridium difficile
Use of PPI/H2 receptor blockers

98
Q

Diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Stool for enterotoxin of C. difficile
WBC in stool (due to pus)
TLC raised in CBC

99
Q

Which organism may cause toxic megacolon

A

C. difficile

100
Q

Patient complaining about diarrhea and abdominal bouts at different site after taking broad spectrum antibiotics
What is the cause?

A

Clostridium difficile

101
Q

Treatment of clostridium difficile

A

1st line -oral metronidazole 10-14 days
If Non-responder add
Oral vancomycin
If not working add
Oral fidaxomicin

102
Q

Surgical relation with clostridium difficile

A

Severe unremitting colitis may need surgical resection

103
Q

chlorination resistant protozoa

A

Giardia

104
Q

Which protozoal infection will cause greasy stool

A

Giardia

105
Q

Most common cause of septic arthritis with exception

A

Staphylococcus aureus
In sexually active person neisseria gonorrhea may be considered

106
Q

Treatment of septic arthritis

A

Decompress the joint by aspiration it even by arthroscopic lavage then antibiotic

107
Q

Antibiotics for septic arthritis and route

A

IV antibiotics
Penicillin
But if allergic to it then—
Flucloxacillin
Clindamycin
For 6-12 weeks

108
Q

Diarrhea cause after eating Bird pecked food

A

Campylobacter jejuni

109
Q

Organism colonizing prosthetic plastic device

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

110
Q

Common causes of osteomyelitis and exception with sickle cell

A

Staphylococcus aureus most common
Also
Enterobacter
Streptococcus
In sickle cell disease by salmonella (S-S)

111
Q

why salmonella causes osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease and treatment

A

Gut damage by Sickle cell allows salmonella to enter the bloodstream more easily.

SCD reduces the immune system’s ability to clear bacteria from the bloodstream.

The expanded bone marrow provides a place for salmonella to hide and grow. In other words The expanded bone marrow with sluggish flow leads to an ischemic focus for salmonella localization.

Repeated thrombosis of vessels in bones makes it harder to achieve high concentrations of antibiotic in the infected areas.

Treatment
Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are commonly used, but newer beta lactams and quinolones are more active.

112
Q

Imaging of osteomyelitis

A

Early MRI (cause X-ray inefficient)
Late X-ray revealingly lytic lesion with sclerotic periphery

113
Q

Manifestation of HIV serocoversion

A

Glandular fever type illness

114
Q

Feature of serocoversion of HIV

A

Sore throat
Lymphadenopathy
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Diarrhea
Maculopapular rash
Oral ulcer
Meningoencephalitis rarely

115
Q

Time fire HIV serocoversion and diagnostic tools

A

3-12 weeks
HIV PCR & p24 antigen are positive
HIV antibody may still not appear

116
Q

Confirmatory test for HIV

A

Western blot for detecting antibody

117
Q

Which tests are use to detect HIV antibody and most probable time to be positive

A

ELISA
Western blot
Antibodies start to appear within 4-6wks
99% cases are positive after 3 months

118
Q

Reynolds pentad is related to with disease

A

Cholangitis

119
Q

Which bacterial screening is needed during hospital admissions to prevent hospital acquired infection

A

MRSA

120
Q

Procedure to screen MRSA and caution

A

Nasal swab for 5 seconds
Wound swab
Caution: level the specimen container with MRSA screen to prevent poor handling

121
Q

Suppressing process of MRSA carrier

A

Nasal mupirocin 2% for 5 days
Skin chlorhexidine applied all over particularly at axilla,groin,perineum for 5 days

122
Q

Treatment of MRSA

A

Vancomycin
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
tetracyclines
Newer (reserved as last resource)
Linezolid
Dalfopristin +quinupristin

123
Q

Most common cause of generalized lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly and even spontaneous rupture of spleen

A

EBV

124
Q

Complications is acute pancreatitis

A

Hypoxia -due to ARDS by microthrombi into pulmonary vessels
Hypocalcemia -by sequestration of calcium in fat necrosis
Hypoalbuminemia - increased capillary permeability
But
Hyperglycemia -disruption of pancreatic islets
All of above with result in—
Shock -body can become dehydrated
&
Adrenal failure-Severe acute pancreatitis can cause extensive tissue destruction in the retroperitoneum, which can damage the adrenal glands or reduce blood flow to them
Fluid leak in pancreatic bed with fluid filled ileus will lead to pre renal azotemia which may lead to acute tubular necrosis if remains untreated
(Prerenal azotemia is a condition where the blood has abnormally high levels of nitrogen waste products)

125
Q

Cause of fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis

A

Increased lipase activity on triglycerides

126
Q

Reason of hypoproteinemia in acute pancreatitis

A

Loss of plasma in peritoneal space

127
Q

Cause of tachypnea of a diabetic patient during surgery

A

Hypoglycemia

128
Q

Neutrophilia in CSF

A

Bacterial infection

129
Q

Lymphocyte predominant CSF

A

Viral infection

130
Q

Which liver disease may cause hypotension and confusion and its importance

A

Cholangitis
Surgical emergency to facilitate bile drainage

Dr Bishoy Voice Shots (10 decks)

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