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PHA BLK 2 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

the study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

what is the basic structure and functional unit of living organisms?

A

cells

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

1) no nucleus/specialized organelles
2) single circular chromosome
3) cell wall is usually present

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4
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

1) highly organized
2) defined nucleus
3) linear chromosomes
4) cell wall may or may not (chemically simple) be present
5) genetic material found in the nucleus

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5
Q

what makes up simple microorganisms?

A

bacteria or viruses

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6
Q

what makes up complex microorganisms?

A

fungi
protozoa
algae

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7
Q

what shapes characterize bacteria?

A

1) coccus: round/spherical
2) bacillus: rod shaped/longer than wide
3) spiral: spiral/corkscrew shaped

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8
Q

Describe the bacterial life cycle

A

1) Entry: into host cell via phagocytosis
2) Vesicle formation: escape from lysosomal (digestive system of the cell) degradation (killing by host cell)
3) Synthesis: genomic replication
4) Exit: via budding (pinching off) from host cell

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9
Q

endospores

A

resistant structures for survival under adverse conditions (heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals)

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10
Q

what are some characteristics of endospores?

A

1) produced by Bacillus & Clostridium spp
2) can lie dormant for a long time
3) important to medical care and food industry bc they resist the processes normally used to kill microbes

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11
Q

antibiotic

A

molecules produced by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms, or inhibit their growth

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12
Q

what antibiotic is best used for treatment of microbial infections

A

antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

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13
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

bacteria adapts and the antibiotic will no longer kill or inhibit microbial growth

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14
Q

Give examples of bacterial diseases

A

respiratory disease
food-borne diseases
STIs
Chlamydia

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15
Q

Viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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16
Q

what are some characteristics of viruses?

A

1) Simple, non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells
2) Require a living cell
3) Can infect every type of cell
4) Can’t reproduce by itself
5) Can’t metabolize energy or proteins

17
Q

what are some examples of viral diseases?

A

Influenza
HIV
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Adenovirus

18
Q

Describe the viral life cycle

A

1) Entry: virus attaches to receptors on host cell surface
2) Penetration: the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
3) Uncoating: viral contents are released
4) Synthesis: viral replication and protein production
5) Assembly: new virus particles are assembled
6) Exit: newly made virus particles are released from the cell to infect surrounding cells

19
Q

Fungi

A

unicellular or multicellular organisms that can’t carry out photosynthesis and absorb nutrients from the environment

20
Q

what are the types of fungi?

A

yeast and molds

21
Q

what are the harmful effects of fungi?

A

1) Economic effects:
-molds cause spoilage of fruits/grains/vegetables
-fungi cause diseases in plants
2) Diseases:
-infections of hair, skin, internal organs
-food borne illness

22
Q

protozoa

A

found in soil and water, and in the intestinal tract of animals

23
Q

what are the means of movement for protozoa?

A

-Flagellum: longer, whip-like extension
-Cilia: shorter, hair-like extension
-Pseudopod: blunt, lobe-like projection
-Some incapable of moving
-Produce protective capsule (cyst) that allows to survive outside the host

24
Q

what are some examples of protozoa?

A

-amoebic dysentery: food/water borne disease
-malaria: mosquito borne disease

25
Q

algae

A

unicellular or multicellular that convert carbon dioxide to oxygen during photosynthesis

26
Q

Red Tide

A

caused by large concentrations of red algae (Gonyaulax), important bc it produces a toxin that will cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

27
Q

what are the controls of microbial growth?

A

1) Sterilization
2) Physical Methods
3) Chemical Methods

28
Q

describe sterilization

A

technique that destroys all microorganisms including endospores/cysts

29
Q

what are the physical methods of controlling microbial growth?

A

heat, cold, drying, radiation

30
Q

what are the chemical methods of controlling microbial growth?

A

disinfection
disinfectant
antiseptic
sanitation

31
Q

what are the POSITIVE roles of microorganisms?

A

beneficial to human welfare
normal flora in and on the body

32
Q

what are the NEGATIVE roles of microorganisms?

A

cause disease
-pathogenicity
-virulence
-toxigenicity

33
Q

how is microbiology applied in Public Health?

A

Communicable Disease Control:
-educates patients to help break the chain of infections
Epidemiology:
-identifying diseases
Occupational Health:
-Medical Employee Health Program
-determining exams needed for certain duties

PHA BLK 2 (10 decks)

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