microbiology

Question 1

5 oral biofilm diseases

Answer 1

periodontal infection
Endodontic infection
caries
mucosal infection - candida, angular cheilitis
oral malodour

Question 2

4 things that influence oral microflora

Answer 2

host factors - disease
diet
saliva
gingival crevicular fluid

Question 3

4 host factors influencing oral microflora

Answer 3

smoking
pregnancy
systemic disease
nutrition

Question 4

stages of biofilm development

Answer 4

adhesion
colonization
accumulation
complex community
dispersal

Question 5

stages of biofilm development

Answer 5

adhesion
colonization
accumulation
complex community
dispersal

Question 6

microorganisms associated with gingivitis

Answer 6

actinomycetes
prevotella intermedia

Question 7

microorganisms associated with periodontitis

Answer 7

porphyromonas ginigvalis
tannerella forsythia
prevotella intermedia

Question 8

what type bacteria is porphyromonas ginigvalis

Answer 8

gram neg anaerobe

Question 9

3 virulence factors of porphyromonas gingivalis

Answer 9

fimbrae - adherence

endotoxin

gingipains

Question 10

2 systemic implications of periodontal disease

Answer 10

cardiovascular disease
diabetes

Question 11

disadvantage of culture methods

Answer 11

only small numbers of samples can be analysed at once

Question 12

advantage of DNA probes

Answer 12

more sensitive than culture

Question 13

which gene is found in all bacteria

Answer 13

16s ribosomal RNA

16srRNA

Question 14

4 bases found in a DNA molecule

Answer 14

adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine

Question 15

4 bases found in RNA molecule

Answer 15

adenine
cytosine
uracil
guanine

Question 16

3 risk factors for developing candidiasis

Answer 16

immune compromised
immunosuppressive drugs
diabetes

Question 17

4 oral candidosis

Answer 17

pseudomembranous - thrush
erythematous - HIV and denture
hyperplastic
angular cheilitis

Question 18

candida stages 5

Answer 18

attachment
early phase
intermediate phase
maturation phase
dispersal

Question 19

what’s the difference between candidosis and candidiasis

Answer 19

same but candidosis more severe

Question 20

test to diagnose oral candidiasis

Answer 20

swab/oral rinse and culture - chromogenic agar
germ tube formation test

Question 21

3 types of antifungals and example

Answer 21

azole - fluconazole
polyene - nystatin
echinocandin - caspofungin

Question 22

2 microorganisms resistant to fluconazole

Answer 22

candida glabrata
candid krusei

Question 23

which antifungal are ineffective against biofilms and which are

Answer 23

azole ineffective

echinocandin and polyene effective also chlorhexadine

Question 24

what does a bacteria biofilm require to produce acid

Answer 24

fermentable carbohydrate

Question 25

4 components of caries

Answer 25

tooth - susceptible diet - fermentable carbohydrates saliva - absence or low microbiota - plaque bacteria

Question 26

3 bacteria in caries

Answer 26

strep mutans lactobacullis species vielonella

Question 27

bacteria found in endo infection

Answer 27

enterococcus faecalis

Question 28

which endo infection is described as poly microbial, gram negative anaerobic and e faecallis present in 4-40%

Answer 28

primary endo infection

Question 29

which endo infection can be described as gram positive with lots more e faecalis and only a few species

Answer 29

secondary endo infection

Question 30

3 virulence factors in endo infection

Answer 30

endotoxins adhesins collagenages

Question 31

give a gram positive coccus facultative anaerobic bacteria

Answer 31

enterococcus faecalis

Question 32

appropriate clinical specimen to take from a child to test for cariogenic organisms

Answer 32

swab of saliva or tooth surface

Question 33

methods to test species present in a sample

Answer 33

next generation sequencing 16s rRNA sequencing

Question 34

what specimen could you take when pt attends with localised gingivitis

Answer 34

sub gingival plaque biofilm on gingival crevice of site of inflammation

Question 35

important organsim in gingivitis

Answer 35

p.ginigvalis

Question 36

method used to find organism from plaque biofilm

Answer 36

NGS PCR

Question 37

how do you determine cause and effect

Answer 37

remove culprit organsm - leads to resolution of disease

Question 38

causes of denture stomatitis and the associated micro-organisms

Answer 38

denture associated biofilm candida albicans candida glabrata

Question 39

3 ways to collect specimen from denture stomatitis

Answer 39

oral rinse swab foam pad

Question 40

why is it important to distinguish if pt has Candida albicans or candida glabrata

Answer 40

candida glabrata is insensitive to azoles

Question 41

if candida glabrata - what medication

Answer 41

nystatin

Question 42

systemic implications of indwelling prosthesis

Answer 42

aspiration pneumonia

Question 43

clinical specimen to take from pt with abscess

Answer 43

needle aspirate for pus