Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS3 BAMS > degenerative brain disease > Flashcards

degenerative brain disease Flashcards

1
Q

what lesion causes muscle spasticity?

A

damage to upper motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what function is affected by MS?

A

any where nerves are involved - cognitive, motor, sensory, autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what causes multiple sclerosis?

A

changes to myelin sheath around nerve axons connecting different parts of brain
DEMYELINATION OF AXONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the most common CNS disorder of the young?

A

multiple sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does multiple sclerosis distribute?

A

Patchy distribution of CNS lesions - areas of body affected change from time to time - CT scan will show different areas of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the aetiology of multiple sclerosis

A

Background genetic/immune factors
Susceptibility acquired during childhood
More common in identical twins and among immediate family members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A

Muscle weakness
Visual disturbance
Paraesthesia
Autonomic dysfunction
Dysarthria
Pain
Balance/hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs of MS?

A

Muscle weakness
Spasticity
Altered reflexes
Tremor
Optic atrophy
Proprioceptive loss
Loss of touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does MS affect IgG protein levels?

A

increased IgG in MS patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does MS affect lymphocyte?

A

reduced lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what will an MRI of an MS patient show?

A

shows areas of plaques within the brain where there has been previous damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you investigate MS?

A

History and examination
CSF analysis – reduced lymphocytes and increased IgG production
MRI
Visual evoked potentials – always reduced after optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of MS?

A

Relapsing and remitting type
Primary progressive type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the features of relapsing and remitting MS

A

Damage builds up with each episode - episodes of active disease and periods of stability
Acute exacerbations
Many develop progressive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat relapsing and remitting MS?

A

Disease modifying therapies e.g. cladribine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat MS?

A

Physio and occupational therapy
Stem cell transplant
Disease modifying therapies e.g. cladribine

17
Q

Describe the features of primary progressive MS

A

Slow and steady progressive deterioration
Cumulative neurological damage

18
Q

How do you manage the symptoms of MS?

A

Antibiotics, antispasmodics, analgesia, steroids
Physiotherapy and occupational therapy

19
Q

What are the dental aspects of MS?

A

Limited mobility and psychological disorders - access and OH and mood
Treat under LA
Orofacial motor and sensory disturbance
Chronic orofacial pain is possible
Enhanced trigeminal neuralgia risk

20
Q

what is the effect of optic neuritis on visual evoked potentials?

A

always reduced after optic neuritis

21
Q

What is motor neurone disease?

A

Degeneration in the spinal cord causing progressive loss of motor function
Limbs, inter costal muscles, diaphragm and motor cranial nerves VII and XII

22
Q

Where in the spinal cord does MND affect?

A

Corticospinal tracts/anterior horns
Bulbar motor nuclei - in brain stem

23
Q

Who are mostly affected by MNS and what is the life expectancy after diagnosis?

A

30-60yr
Males 2.5:1
Death within 3 years

24
Q

Ultimately MND causes death due to what?

A

Ventilation failure
Aspiration pneumonia - unable to use protective reflexes

25
Q

What might a patient suffering from MND notice?

A

Weakness in ankle or leg - tripping
Slurred speech – may develop to difficulty swallowing
A weak grip – dropping things, difficulty opening things
Muscle cramps and twitches
Weight loss
Emotional liability – crying and laughing inappropriately

26
Q

How do you treat MND?

A

No treatment is effective
Physio and occupational therapy
Riluzole
Aspiration prevention – PEG tube feed and reduce salivation to prevent aspiration of bacteria

27
Q

What is a person’s lifetime risk of developing MND?

A

1 in 300

28
Q

What are the dental aspects of MND?

A

Difficulty in acceptance due to muscle weakness in head and neck and OH
Realistic treatment planning
Drooling and swallowing difficulties, can’t control neck

29
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

A disabling, progressive condition due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the basal ganglia of the brain (substantia nigra)

30
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the basal ganglia of the brain
shortage of dopamine results in difficulty of passing messages from cortex (thinking part) of brain to cerebellum and brainstem (doing part)

31
Q

where in the brain is affected by Parkinson’s?

A

basal ganglia – substantia nigra

32
Q

what are the clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Bradykinesia – slow movement and slow initiation of movement
Rigidity - increased muscle tone
Tremor – slow amplitude at REST - key feature

33
Q

What are the effects of Parkinson’s disease that can be observed?

A

Impaired gait and falls
Impaired use of upper limbs
Mask-like face
Swallowing issues

34
Q

How is Parkinson’s treated in terms of support?

A

Physio and occupational therapy
Maintain function at as high a level for as long as possible

35
Q

what do MS MND and Parkinson’s have in common?

A

slowly progressive diseases which stop proper neurological function

36
Q

how is Parkinson’s treated medically?

A

dopamine - levadopa
dopamine analogues

37
Q

how is Parkinson’s treated surgically?

A

stereotactic stimulation - deep brain stimulation

38
Q

what is the dental impact of Parkinson’s?

A

unable to accept care due to access
unable to cooperate - delay
dry mouth - anticholinergic effect of drugs - suggest water
drug interactions

BDS3 BAMS (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions