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Intro Classes > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

bacterium

A

a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease

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2
Q

prokaryote genomic, intracellular, and surface structure

A

single circular chromosome (haploid, no true nucleus); reproduce by binary fission

some basic organelles (ribosomes)

cell walls (peptidoglycans, lipoproteins)

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3
Q

eukaryote genomic, intracellular, and surface structure

A

nucleus (diploid) and the usual intracellular organelles; reproduce by mitosis

no cell walls (except for fungi)

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4
Q

bacteria

A

0.5-1μm in size, shapes vary (cocoid (round), rod-shaped, spiral, pleomorphic)

prokaryotic cells with a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

haploid circular genome

no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

mostly heterotrophic (consume organic matter)

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5
Q

heterotrophic

A

consumes organic matter

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6
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic cells with cell walls made of chitin

generally heterotrophic and saprobic, and might have hyphae to help them obtain nutrients

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7
Q

saprobic

A

consumes dead organic matter

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8
Q

hyphae

A

fungi structures that help fungi obtain nutrients and are around 2-10 μm across but can be several centimeters in length

can be septate (have cross walls) or not (aseptate)

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9
Q

septate

A

hyphae with cross walls

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10
Q

aseptate

A

hyphae without cross walls

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11
Q

fungi types

A

yeast (single ovoid cells which tend to be 3-4 μm in diameter but some can reach 40 μm)

filamentous (mold-like)

dimorphic (both yeast and mold forms)

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12
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled eukaryotic organisms with no cell wall, about 5 to 100μm in size

highly variable morphology, often grouped by the type of structures they use for locomotion

aerobic and free-living; heterotrophic by phagocytosis or simple diffusion

reproduce asexually, all have trophozoite (vegetative, feeding stage) and many also have cyst (dormant/resistant) forms

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13
Q

trophozoite

A

vegetative, feeding stage of protozoa

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14
Q

cyst

A

dormant/resistant forms of protozoa

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15
Q

four protozoan groupings by motility

A

amoebas

flagellates

ciliates

sporozoa

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16
Q

helminths

A

multicellular eukaryotes, worm-like parasites which as adults can range from a few millimeters to even a foot long

often identified by egg or larval morphology

some ingest/destroy host tissue; others passively absorb nutrients from surrounding fluids (e.g., tapeworms)

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17
Q

helminths examples

A

nematodes (Round worms)

cestodes (Flat worms)

trematodes (Flukes)

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18
Q

amoebas example

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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19
Q

flagellates examples

A

Giardia lamblia

Trypanosoma cruzi

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20
Q

ciliates example

A

Balantidium coli

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21
Q

sporozoa examples

A

Plasmodium vivax

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22
Q

viruses

A

RNA or DNA strands (either single or double) enclosed in a protective protein coat and range from 16-600 nm (very small) in size

are virions (not cells), obligate intracellular parasites that rob nutrients from the cells they inhabit

vary in shape; may have an envelope

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23
Q

classification of bacteria

A

Morphology:
shape and arrangement
presence of capsule or spores
motility (flagella?)

Gram stain
blue = Gram+
pink = Gram-

Growth requirements and metabolism
e.g. special media required for growth? aerobic?

Laboratory analyses
serotypes (antibodies)
nucleic acid sequence (PCR*)

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24
Q

Gram stain characteristics

A

Gram-positive cell wall:
thick peptidoglycan layer
stains Blue/Purple

Gram-negative cell wall:
inner/outer layers
presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
stains pink

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25
Q

colonization

A

establishment of population of organisms which live/multiply (e.g. normal flora)

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26
Q

infection

A

occurs when colonized organisms cause a host response (e.g. inflammation)

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27
Q

infectious disease

A

occurs when infection causes host tissue damage (i.e. disease)

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28
Q

flora

A

microorganisms that normally reside at a given site and under normal circumstances do not cause disease

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29
Q

microbiota

A

an “ecological community” of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms

30
Q

microbiome

A

the collective genomes of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves

31
Q

commensal/symbiont

A

relation between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming

32
Q

pathogen/pathobiont

A

disease-causing capacity

33
Q

ways in which normal flora impacts human health

A

protects from pathogens

modulates immune system

assists with nutrition & metabolism

opportunistic pathogens (in immunocompromised patients or after surgical procedures allow entry into other tissues leading to infections)

34
Q

how does normal flora assist humans with nutrition & metabolism

A

by synthesizing vitamin K, thiamine (B1), folic acid (B9), and B12

by helping to break down starches, sugars, and proteins

by aiding in recycling bile salts and certain hormones

35
Q

how does normal flora protect humans from pathogens

A

by occupying attachment sites

by competing for resources

by modulating the environment (e.g. producing acid/antibiotics)

36
Q

normal flora size

A

the human microbiota has approx. 10^14 bacterial cells, which is 10 times more than the number of human cells in our whole body

37
Q

prebiotics

A

fiber and things to feed your flora (e.g. eating good foods rather than buy expensive supplements)

38
Q

probiotics

A

OTC products that are variable (with some of the names of the organisms are even fictitious) and for which hard evidence of benefit is lacking (some studies even showed harmful effects)

39
Q

conditions skin for flora

A 
low pH (5.0 - 6.0)
lower temperature (about 5◦ C lower) than rest of body
high osmotic pressure in salty sweat

dry (moist skin areas can support a different bacterial population than dry areas)

antimicrobial substances present (e.g. sebum, lysozyme, substances produced by other microorganisms) and competition with other bacteria

40
Q

normal flora of skin

A

MOST IMPORTANT: Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram+ cocci in clusters)

OTHERS:
Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+ cocci in clusters; potential pathogen)

Corynebacterium species (a.k.a. diptheroids, Gram+ rods)

Propionibacterium acnes (Gram+ rods)

various Streptococci (Gram+ cocci in chains), some yeasts

41
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis structure

A

Gram+ cocci in clusters, found on skin

42
Q

Staphylococcus aureus structure

A

Gram+ cocci in clusters; potential pathogen found on skin

43
Q

Corynebacterium species structure

A

a.k.a. diptheroids; Gram+ rods found on skin

44
Q

Propionibacterium acnes structure

A

Gram+ rods found on skin

45
Q

normal flora of mouth

A

aerobic or facultative anaerobic (can be anaerobic)

MOST IMPORTANT: Streptococcus viridans (e.g. Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans) which are Gram+ cocci in chains

OTHERS: Eikenella corrodens (Gram negative rods), nonpathogenic Neisseria species (Gram negative cocci), Haemophilus species (Gram negative rods)

some potential pathogens (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae)

46
Q

Streptococcus viridans

A

Gram+ cocci in chains found in the mouth

E.g. Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans

called viridans (green) because when grown on a blood agar plate they cause partial hemolysis (called alpha hemolysis) that produces a green discoloration

47
Q

viridans

A

when grown on a blood agar plate, these bacteria cause partial hemolysis (alpha hemolysis) that produces a green discoloration

48
Q

Eikenella corrodens

A

Gram- rods found in the mouth

49
Q

nonpathogenic Neisseria species

A

Gram- cocci found in the mouth (can be pathogenic, e.g. Neisseria meningitidis)

50
Q

Haemophilus species

A

Gram- rods found in the mouth (can be pathogenic, e.g. Haemophilus influenzae)

51
Q

normal flora of GI tract

A

stomach flora are acid resistant (e.g. Lactobacillus species)

small intestine flora are largely anaerobic and prefer a more alkaline environment (e.g. Peptostreptococcus species)

large intestine flora are largely anaerobic; MOST IMPORTANT:
Bacteriodes fragilis (Gram- rod, strict anaerobe)
Escherichia coli (Gram- rod, facultative anaerobe)

OTHERS: Enterococcus species (and many more)

Some potential pathogens (e.g. Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Clostridium species)

52
Q

Lactobacillus species

A

an acid-resistant stomach flora that are Gram+ rods

also maintain the low pH of the vagina

53
Q

Peptostreptococcus species

A

a small intestine flora

54
Q

Bacteriodes fragilis

A

Gram- rod, strict anaerobe found in the colon

55
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Gram- rod, facultative anaerobe found in the colon

56
Q

normal flora of GU system

A

Lactobacillus species (Gram+ rods) maintain the low pH of the vagina

Others: Candida albicans (yeast), Group B Streptococci (Gram + cocci in chains)

57
Q

Candida albicans

A

yeast found in the GU system

58
Q

Group B Streptococci

A

Gram+ cocci in chains found in the GU system

the normal vaginal flora of as many as 25 % of women of childbearing age includes Group B Streptococcus, and it may cause neonatal sepsis and meningitis if acquired by the baby at birth

59
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity (i.e. capacity to cause disease)

60
Q

virulence factors

A

includes:

toxins

adhesion/colonization/invasion factors

ability to inhibit immune responses

61
Q

resident microbiota

A

consists of relatively fixed types of microorganisms regularly found in a given area at a given age; if disturbed, it promptly reestablishes itself

62
Q

transient microbiota

A

consists of nonpathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit body sites for hours, days, or weeks

63
Q

commensals

A

symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits, while the other
seems unaffected

64
Q

mutualistic

A

symbiotic relationship where both parties derive benefit

65
Q

bacterial interference

A

the prevent colonization by pathogens and possible disease by resident microbiota, possibly through competition for receptors or binding sites on host cells, competition for nutrients, mutual inhibition by metabolic or toxic products, mutual inhibition by antibiotic materials or bacteriocins, or other mechanisms

66
Q

Escherichia coli classification

A

bacterium

67
Q

Candida albicans classification

A

fungi

68
Q

Sacchromyces cerevisiae classification

A

fungi (yeast)

69
Q

Penicillium classification

A

fungi (mold)

70
Q

GIardia lamblia classification

A

protozoa

Intro Classes (13 decks)

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