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Development Flashcards

1
Q

prenatal period

A

the period between fertilization and birth, aka gestational period

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2
Q

three sub-periods of the prenatal period

A

pre-embryonic

embryonic

fetal period

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3
Q

pre-embryotic period

A

covers from fertilization to gastrulation, which is the first 2 weeks of development

conceptus is called a zygote and later a pre-embryo

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4
Q

embryonic period

A

covers from gastrulation (week 3) to the beginning of week 9

the conceptus is called an embryo

Primordia of all major organ systems are formed during this period (e.g., primordial urinary system is laid out)

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5
Q

fetal period

A

covers from week 9 to birth

conceptus is called a fetus

fetus undergoes further growth and differentiation of tissues during this period, and organs increase in complexity (e.g., kidney tissues increase in size and further differentiate to complex functions).

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6
Q

postnatal period

A

the period after birth

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7
Q

conceptus

A

the embryo in the uterus

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8
Q

general sub-periods of the postnatal period

A

neonatal (~first month after birth)

infancy (~first year after birth)

childhood (period between infancy and puberty)

puberty (when one becomes functionally capable of reproduction

adulthood (attainment of full growth and maturity, btw 18-21 years)

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9
Q

feralization

A

a single fertilized cell (zygote) divides by mitosis to produce cells all over the body

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10
Q

zygote

A

a single fertilized cell

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11
Q

two types of cells in the body (genetics-wise)

A

diploid (somatic) cells

haploid cells (sex cells or gametes)

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12
Q

diploid cells

A

also called somatic cells; contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 46)

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13
Q

haploid cells

A

also called sex cells or gametes; contains 23 chromosomes (n = 23)

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14
Q

two types of chromosomes

A

autosomes

sex chromosomes

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15
Q

autosomes

A

contain genetic information for most bodily structure and functional characteristics

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16
Q

sex chromosomes

A

contain sex information

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17
Q

the route of sperm

A

from the vagina to the cervix using their tails, then pass through the uterus and uterine tubes mainly d/t the contraction of the walls of these structures

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18
Q

corpus luteum (CL)

A

develops from the collapsed walls of the ovarian follicle after ovulation d/t the influence of LH

CL is a glandular structure that secretes progesterone and some estrogen, which cause the endometrial glands to secrete and prepare the endometrium for implantation of the blastocyst

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19
Q

the corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy

A

develops from the CL if the oocyte is fertilized and increases its hormone production

degeneration of the CL is prevented by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

remains functionally active throughout the first 20 weeks of pregnancy until the placenta takes over the production of estrogen and progesterone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy

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20
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum (CL) if the oocyte is not fertilized

A

the CL degenerates 10-12 days after ovulation, transforming into white scar tissue (corpus albicans)

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21
Q

corpus albicans

A

white scar tissue formed from the CL if the oocyte is not fertilized within 10-12 days after ovulation

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22
Q

corpus albicans

A

white scar tissue formed from the CL if the oocyte is not fertilized within 10-12 days after ovulation

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23
Q

cleavage stages in embryogenesis

A

the zygote divides by mitosis, and the divisions increase the number of cells in the pre-embryo, but its size remains the same. Each division yields smaller and smaller cells (blastomeres)

by the 4th day, the cluster of cells resembles a mulberry and is called a morula (16 cells). It is still surrounded by the zona pellucida and is still the size of the zygote

On days 4-5, the morula enters the uterine cavity and is nourished by uterine milk, a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands

At the 32-cell stage, the fluid now inside the morula rearranges the blastomeres into a large, fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The mass is now called a blastocyst (still the same size as the original zygote

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24
Q

blastocyst

A

the multicellular structure that forms as the zygote divides by mitosis

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25
Q

gastrulation

A

associated with rearrangement and migration of cells from epiblast; during this process, forms the 3 primary germ layers (the basic cellular structures from which all body tissues develop) out of the blastocyst cells

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26
Q

3 primary germ layers of the blastocyst

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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27
Q

organogenesis

A

the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism

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28
Q

blastomeres

A

the smaller and smaller cells created from the zygote’s initial mitotic divisions/cleavages

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29
Q

morula

A

the 16 cell cluster, which resembles a mulberry, that is comprised of blastomeres created during zygomatic mitosis/cleavage while still maintaining the same size as the initial zygote

occurs on the 4th day after fertilization

surrounded by the zona pellucidia

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30
Q

zona pellucida

A

surrounds the morula

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31
Q

uterine milk

A

a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands which nourishes the morula as it reaches the uterine cavity on day 4-5

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32
Q

blastocoel

A

the large fluid-filled cavity within a blastocyst which is created when the blastomeres are rearranged at the 32 cell stage

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33
Q

two cell populations that arise when the blastocyst is formed

A

embryoblast (inner cell mass)

trophoblast (outer cell mass)

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34
Q

embryoblast

A

the inner cell mass of the blastocyst which will develop into the embryo

[the embryo comes from within the blast(ocyst)]

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35
Q

trophoblast

A

the outer cell mass of the blastocyst which will will develop into the outer chorionic sac surrounding the fetus, and the fetal portion of the placenta

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36
Q

implantation steps

A

blastocyst implants at ~ 6 days

syncytiotrophoblast expands quickly by producing enzymes that erode maternal tissues, enabling the blastocyst to “burrow” into the endometrium

at ~7 days, a layer of cells, the hypoblast, appears on the surface of the embryoblast

the amnion forms from the roof of the amniotic cavity. Eventually, it surrounds the entire embryo and fills with amniotic fluid.

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37
Q

decidua

A

what the endometrium is called after implantation

separates from the endometrium after the fetus is delivered

has different regions named based on their positions relative to the site of the implanted blastocyst

38
Q

decidua basalis

A
39
Q

decidua capsularis

A
40
Q

decidua parietalis

A
41
Q

bilaminar embryonic disc

A

composed of epiblast and hypoblast, this is what the embryoblast turns into shortly after implantation

gives rise to the germ layers that form all the tissues and organs of the embryo

42
Q

Extraembryonic structures that form during the second week

A

amniotic cavity

amnion

umbilical vesicle connecting stalk

chorionic sac.

43
Q

exocoelomic membrane

A

forms on the 8th day

together with the hypoblast cells, lines the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

44
Q

umbilical vesicle

A

Yolk sac

The term umbilical vesicle is preferred because the yolk sac does not contain yolk in humans

45
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces that form within the syncytiotrophoblast on the 9th day

46
Q

lacunar networks

A

form by the 12th day out of fused lacunae

become filled with a mixture of maternal blood from ruptured endometrial capillaries and cellular debris from eroded uterine glands

nutrients from lacunae pass to the embryonic disc by diffusion and they provide nutrition to the embryo

47
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm (EEM)

A

develops about 12 days after fertilization

these cells form a connective tissue layer around the amnion and the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

48
Q

extraembryonic coelom (EEC)

A

coelomic spaces that appear within the EEM (extraembryonic membrane) and fuse to form this large fluid-filled cavity

splits the EEM into two layers:

Somatic EEM, lining the cytotrophoblast and covering the amnion

Splanchnic EEM, surrounding the umbilical vesicle

49
Q

somatic EEM

A

lines the cytotrophoblast and covers the amnion

50
Q

splanchnic EEM function

A

surrounds the umbilical vesicle

slide 18

51
Q

chorion

A

forms the wall of the chorionic sac

composed of the somatic EEM and the two layers of trophoblast

52
Q

chorionic sac

A

the embryo, amniotic sac, and umbilical vesicle are suspended in this sac by the connecting stalk

53
Q

connecting stalk

A

suspends the embryo, amniotic sac, and umbilical vesicle in the chorionic sac

54
Q

primary chorionic villi

A

appear towards the end of the 2nd week

55
Q

ectopic pregnancies

A

when blastocyst implantation occurs outside the uterus, with 95% to 98% of which occur in uterine tubes - resulting in tubal rupture and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity followed by the death of the embryo and a threat to the mother’s life

56
Q

abdominal implantation

A

when implantations in ampulla or fimbriae are expelled into peritoneal cavity and implant in rectouterine pouch

57
Q

cervical implantations

A

unusual; the placenta may become firmly attached to fibromuscular tissues of the cervix resulting in bleeding, which may require surgical intervention such as hysterectomy

58
Q

heterotopic pregnancies

A

simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies; unusual but incidence is higher in women treated with ovulation induction drugs as part of ART

59
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer steps

A

1) hormanal stimulation of mature oocyte formation, resulting in several mature follicles
2) collection of oocytes from follicles with aspirator during laparoscopy
3) placement of oocytes in Petri dish with capcitated sperms; IVF of oocytes
4) cleavage of zygotes in culture medium until four- to eight-cell stages are reached
5) transfer of one or two cleaving embryos into uterine cavity by way of catheter inserted through the vagina and cervical canal

60
Q

risks of IVF

A

several studies have reported an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, and a higher incidence of birth defects, including embryonal tumors and gene mutations, in children conceived as a result of assisted reproductive technologies.

61
Q

abortion

A

a premature stoppage of development and expulsion of a conceptus from the uterus, or, expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is capable of living outside the uterus

62
Q

abortus

A

any product (or all products) of an abortion

63
Q

threatened abortion

A

bleeding with possibility of abortion, is a complication in ~25% pregnancies

64
Q

spontaneous abortion

A

miscarriage; occurs naturally before 20th week of gestation

65
Q

habitual abortion

A

spontaneous expulsion of a dead or nonviable embryo or fetus in ≥ 3 consecutive pregnancies

66
Q

induced abortion

A

a birth that is medically induced before 20 weeks (before the fetus is viable)

67
Q

complete abortion

A

one in which all products of conception (embryo and its membranes) are expelled from uterus

68
Q

missed abortion

A

the retention of a conceptus in the uterus after its death

69
Q

third week of developments

A

appearance of primitive streak

development of notochord

differentiation of three germ layers (aka gastrulation)

coincides with the week after the first missed menstrual period, that is, 5 weeks after the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP)

70
Q

gastrulation steps

A

1) formation of the primitive streak on the surface of epiblast
2) appearance of the primitive streak (in the dorsal and caudal parts of the embryo) which establishes the head and tail ends and dorsal and ventral surfaces of the embryo
3) cells of the epiblast move inward below the primitive streak, and displace the hypoblast, forming embryonic endoderm in the roof of the umbilical vesicle
4) the cells remaining in the epiblast form the embryonic ectoderm
5) the three germ layers form

71
Q

primitive streak

A

forms in the dorsal and caudal parts of the embryo and establishes the head and tail ends, as well as the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the embryo

normally active until early 4th week but then becomes smaller and resides as an insignificant structure in the sacrococcygeal region. It should degenerate and disappear by the end of the 4th week

slide 23-26

72
Q

3rd week of embryonic development

A

.
first major development is gastrulation; the two-layered embryonic disc transforms into a tri-laminar (three-layered) embryonic disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

73
Q

ectoderm

A

formed from cells that remain in the epiblast

goes on to become skin, CNS, PNS, eyes, internal ear, neural crest cells (bones and connective tissue of the face and part of the skull, part of the PNS)

74
Q

mesoderm

A

formed from cells that migrate in through the primitive streak to form the middle germ layer, including the prechordal plate and notochord

goes on to form bones, connective tissue, urogenital system, cardiovascular system

75
Q

endoderm

A

formed by cells migrating through the streak and displacing the hypoblast cells

goes on to form the gut and gut derivatives (liver, pancreas, lungs, etc.)

76
Q

sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

the most common tumor in neonates, with most tumors are benign (nonmalignant) and are usually surgically excised promptly

arises from remnants of the primitive streak, which is normally active until early 4th week but then becomes smaller and resides as an insignificant structure in the sacrococcygeal region amd should degenerate and disappear by the end of the 4th week

most affected infants (80%) are female. A presacral teratoma may cause intestinal (bowel) or urinary obstruction

77
Q

notochordal process

A

a median cellular cord which is formed by some mesenchymal cells that migrate through the primitive streak (elongates from the primitive pit)

grows cranially between the ectoderm and endoderm until it reaches the prechordal plate (future site of the oral cavity), before infolding to become the notochord

78
Q

notochordal canal

A

a lumen within the notochordal process, which forms when the primitive pit extends into the notochordal process

79
Q

prechordal plate

A

future site of the oral cavity

80
Q

cloacal membrane

A

future site of the anus; caudal to the primitive streak

81
Q

notochord functions

A

defines the longitudinal axis of embryo and gives it some rigidity

provides signals necessary for development of axial musculoskeletal structures and the central nervous system (CNS)

contributes to the intervertebral discs

82
Q

notochordal plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding, which creates the notochord.

A

this flattened, grooved plate is formed from the remains of the notochordal process after openings in the floor appear, which become confluent, and the floor of the canal disappears

the plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding, which creates the notochord

83
Q

notochord formation

A

forms along the longitudinal axis as notochordal plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding

the notochord becomes detached from the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle, the latter once again becoming a continuous layer

slides 27-29

84
Q

chordomas

A

both benign and malignant tumors (chordomas) may form from vestigial remnants of notochordal tissue

about 1/3 of chordomas occur at the base of the cranium and extend to the nasopharynx

chordomas grow slowly, and malignant forms infiltrate the adjacent bone

85
Q

allantois

A

appears on ~day 16

persists as a stalk, the urachus, which extends from bladder to umbilical region (urachus becomes median umbilical ligament in adults)

allantoic cysts form out of the remnants of the allantois

86
Q

allantoic cysts

A

remnants of the allantois, usually found between the fetal umbilical vessels and are often detected near umbilical cord’s attachment to the anterior abdominal wall

generally asymptomatic until childhood or adolescence, when they may become infected and inflamed

87
Q

urachus

A

remnant of the allantois

extends from bladder to umbilical region, and it becomes median umbilical ligament in adults

88
Q

gestational age

A

date of the pregnancy from LNMP

89
Q

embryonic age

A

date of pregnancy from fertilization; determined through US

~ 2 weeks after the LNMP, in the middle of the menstrual cycle

90
Q

comparison of gestational time

A

days weeks calendar months lunar months
gestational age 280 38 8.75 9.5
embryonic age 266 40 9.25 10

91
Q

Nagele’s rule

A

common delivery date rule for estimating the expected delivery date, by counting 3 months back from the first day of the LNMP and add a year and seven days

92
Q

notochord fate

A

the notochord extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the primitive node, and eventually it degenerates as the bodies of the vertebrae form, but small portions of it persist as the nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral disc

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