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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune system

A

protection that exists before the infection occurs

non-specific and rapid; no memory component (except for Natural Killer cells, who have been shown to have some memory aspects

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2
Q

adaptive immune system

A

protection stimulated by exposure to an infectious agent

specific and provides immunity or resistance against a particular pathogen

slower to respond to antigens but has a memory component

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3
Q

branch of immune system for neutrophils

A

innate

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4
Q

branch of immune system for macrophages

A

innate

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5
Q

branch of immune system for eosinophil

A

innate

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6
Q

branch of immune system for basophils

A

innate

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7
Q

branch of immune system for dendritic cells

A

innate

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8
Q

five antibody isotypes

A 
IgM
IgE
IgG
IgA
IgD

determined by the type of constant regions on the heavy chain (Fc region)

[immunoglobulins prevent MEGA Death]

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9
Q

branch of immune system for immunoglobulins

A

adaptive

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10
Q

IgM main function

A

antigen receptor on B-Cell surface

fixes complement

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11
Q

IgA main functions

A

prevents attachment of pathogen to mucous membranes

high concentration in breast milk in order to transfer immunity to newborn infants

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12
Q

IgD main function

A

not yet determined

present on surface of B-Cells, where it functions as a receptor for antigens

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13
Q

IgE main functions

A

main host defense against helminth infections and allergy

causes release of histamine from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to allergens

causes release of enzymes from eosinophils in defense against worm infections

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

cells that mediate immune responses and that are found in blood, lymphoid tissues and virtually all organs

T, B, and NK (Natural Killer) cells

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15
Q

phagocytes

A

eat and kill microbes: neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear cells or PMNs), macrophages and dendritic cells

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16
Q

cellular immunity

A

refers to the functions that immune cells perform

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17
Q

humoral immunity

A

refers to the functions performed by proteins found in bodily fluids

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18
Q

complement system

A

a system of proteins that functions to attract immune cells to sites of infection (inflammation) and also binds to microbes marking them for phagocytosis (opsonization)

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19
Q

microbial lysis

A

killing microbes by punching holes in their membranes

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20
Q

antibody

A

a glycoprotein produced by a type of lymphocyte called a B lymphocyte (B cell for short) which specifically binds and is generated against its antigen

also called immunoglobulin or Ig for short

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21
Q

antigen

A

what binds to an antibody

usually a microbe or a microbial product

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22
Q

antibody purpose

A

attach to its antigen in order to:

take away their ability to invade or damage body tissues (neutralization)

mark microbes for phagocytosis (opsonization)

attract complement proteins and let complement do its jobs

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23
Q

opsonization

A

when antibodies bind to antigens to mark them for phagocytosis

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24
Q

neutralization

A

when antibodies bind to antigens take away their ability to invade or damage body tissues

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25
Q

neutrophils main function

A

granulocyte, 1st cell to migrate to infection site. predominant cell in pus

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26
Q

neutrophils mechanism

A

upon infection, releases granules, phagocytosis, and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NET)

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27
Q

neutrophils overview

A

these granulocytes (d/t having granules) have a nucleus that has multiple lobes that can take on many shapes (sometimes they are called polymorphonuclear cells or PMNs)

their granules aren’t exclusively one type or the other (basic or acidic) when stained

most abundant circulating white blood cell

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28
Q

two types of neutrophil granules

A

granules that stain pink (because they take up an acidic dye in a routine blood stain)

granules that stain blue (because they take up a basic dye in a routine blood stain)

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29
Q

basophils structure

A

granulocytes with granules that are exclusively the type that attracts the basic (blue) dye

secrete these granules, which contain histamine and heparin

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30
Q

eosinophils structure

A

granulocytes with a cytoplasm that is filled with large granules that exclusively attract the acidic (pink) dye (because the acidic dye is eosin)

the granules contain enzymes and proteins with various (known and unknown) functions

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31
Q

the primary composition of pus

A

neutrophils

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32
Q

eosinophils main function

A

granulocytes that respond to anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity

also respond to allergic rxns and modulate the inflammatory response

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33
Q

basophils main function

A

granulocyte that plays a role in inflammation, and immune response when fighting infection caused by parasites

also plays a role in preventing blood clots via heparin

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34
Q

macrophages main functions

A

identifying, destroying, and removing foreign substances from the body

engage in antigen presentation and cytokine production (TNF-alpha and IL-1)

recognize viral components via macrophage Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

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35
Q

macrophages overview

A

phagocyte found mainly in tissues with many other roles in communication and coordination

they:
kill (phagocytose microbes)
talk (secrete and respond to cytokines)
clean (clear dead cells)
heal (begin process of tissue repair)
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36
Q

dendritic cells’ main functions

A

engage in phagocytosis before traveling to lymph nodes to present microbial antigens to T-cells

professional antigen-presenting cell (APC)

express costimulatory molecules and MHC II protein

secrete cytokines

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37
Q

dendritic cells overview

A

phagocyte and APC found in tissues

key players in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses.

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38
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process by which certain cells of the innate immune system (phagocytes) engulf large particles such as intact microbes leading to the formation of an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome that contains the ingested particle

fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes results in enzymatic digestion of the ingested material.

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39
Q

PMNs

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte; another name for neutrophils

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40
Q

antibody structure

A

each antibody molecule is composed of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains (either k or l) and has an antigen-binding site that is identical (each site binds the same antigen)

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41
Q

antigen-binding site structure

A

each antigen-binding site on an antibody molecule is identical (each site binds the same antigen)

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42
Q

Fab fragment definition and structure

A

fragment antigen binding

each antibody monomer contains two Fab fragments and each Fab fragment has one antigen-binding site composed of a variable region of one heavy and one light chain

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43
Q

Fc fragment definition and structure

A

fragment crystalline or constant

each antibody monomer contains one Fc fragment composed of heavy chain constant regions

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44
Q

IgG main functions

A

opsonization

neutralization

fixes complement

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45
Q

IgG overview

A

most abundant antibody in the blood

main antibody in secondary response

able to cross the placenta

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46
Q

IgM overview

A

produced as a pentamer during primary response to antigen

has higher avidity for viral antigen than IgG

cannot cross the placenta due to size

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47
Q

affinity (antibody)

A

strength of interaction between an antigen-binding site and an antigen

48
Q

avidity

A

cumulative strength of all the antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule

49
Q

epitope

A

exact part of the antigen that binds to the antibody (one antigen can have several epitopes)

50
Q

immunogen

A

antigen that is capable of producing an immune response

not every antigen is an immunogen, e.g. self-antigens are not immunogenic

51
Q

IgA major feature

A

usually dimeric

52
Q

which isotypes activate classical complement pathway

A

IgG (IgG1, IgG3) & IgM

53
Q

the most abundant immunoglobulin in serum

A

IgG

54
Q

IgD expression

A

only expressed in combination with IgM on the surface of naïve mature B cells

55
Q

immunoglobulin that has the longest half life

A

IgG (almost a month)

IgA, then IgM rank next in abundance and in half-life

56
Q

IgA serum concentration (mg/mL) and serum half-life (days)

A

3.5 mg/mL

6 days

57
Q

IgM serum concentration (mg/mL) and serum half-life (days)

A

1.5 mg/mL

5 days

58
Q

IgG serum concentration (mg/mL) and serum half-life (days)

A

13.5 mg/mL

23 days

59
Q

IgD serum concentration (mg/mL) and serum half-life (days)

A

trace

3

60
Q

IgE serum concentration (mg/mL) and serum half-life (days)

A

0.05 mg/mL

2 days

61
Q

chemokines

A

a large family of molecules that stimulate and regulate leukocyte migration

(they tell the cells of the immune system where to go)

62
Q

Fc region function overview

A

determines an antibody’s effector function

63
Q

how do Fc receptors effect opsonization

A

Fc receptors (FcγRI) on phagocytes bind IgG1 or IgG3 on microbe, assists phagocytosis

64
Q

what causes mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils to degranulate

A

when an IgE molecule that is bound to their Fc receptors (FcεR1) is cross-linked by an antigen (helminth or allergen)

65
Q

branch of immune system for mast cells

A

innate

66
Q

degranulation

A

the process by which mast cells or neutrophils release the contents of their granules into the surrounding tissues

67
Q

branch of immune system for monocytes

A

innate

68
Q

branch of immune system for Natural Killer cells

A

innate

69
Q

branch of immune system for granulocytes

A

innate

granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

70
Q

branch of immune system for compliment proteins

A

innate

71
Q

complement system

A

a collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins that are important in the defense against microbes

many complement proteins are proteolytic enzymes that require sequential activation

72
Q

complement system steps

A

1: Binding of complement proteins to microbial cell surface or antibody
2: Formation of C3 convertase
3: Cleavage of C3
4: Binding of C3b and formation of C5 convertase
5: Formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

73
Q

C3 convertase function

A

catalyzes cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b

74
Q

C3a functions

A

stimulates inflammation

chemotaxis

vasodilation

phagocyte activation

[same as C5a functions]

75
Q

other names for C3 convertase

A

4bC2b (formerly C4bC2a) (classical and lectin pathway)

C3bBb (alternative pathway)

76
Q

C3b functions

A

opsonizes microbes

binds to CR1 on phagocytes

77
Q

C5 convertase function

A

catalyzes cleavage of C5 and to C5a and C5b

78
Q

other names for C5 convertase

A

C4bC2bC3b (classical and lectin pathway)

C3bBbC3b (alternative pathway)

79
Q

C5a functions

A

stimulates inflammation

chemotaxis

vasodilation

phagocytic activation

[same as C3a functions]

80
Q

C5b function

A

initiates assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

81
Q

CR1 function

A

complement receptor which binds C3b and is expressed on phagocytes

82
Q

branch of immune system for T-Cells

A

adaptive

83
Q

branch of immune system for B-Cells

A

adaptive

84
Q

branch of immune system for CD4 T Helper Cells

A

adaptive

85
Q

branch of immune system for CD8 T-Cells

A

adaptive

86
Q

mast cells overview

A

granulocytes with a role in allergy and anaphylaxis

upon stimulation by an allergen, mast cells release the contents of their granules into surrounding tissues

87
Q

monocytes overview

A

facilitate healing a repair, and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

produce cytokines (mainly TNF, IL-1, and IL-12)

88
Q

Natural Killer cells overview

A

lymphocytes of innate immunity found in the blood and throughout the body, which directly kill microbe-infected cells by secreting cytokines that activate phagocytes or cause apoptosis

they act when they detect “changed” or “stressed” cells (i.e. virally infected cells)

89
Q

granulocytes overview

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

contain large, cytoplasmic granules which are used to secrete important substances, such as enzymes and chemicals

granules help fight off infection and have a distinguishable morphology that can be stained by basic dyes (blue = basic, pink = acidic)

90
Q

compliment proteins overview

A

a system comprised of various plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection

activated through an enzyme-triggered cascade

91
Q

CD8+ cytotoxic T-Cell (CTL) overview

A

an effector T-cell which is specific for MHC I protein

involved in the lysis of infected or cancerous cells, by poking a hole into cells and injecting molecules that cause the cells to commit suicide (similar to NK cells but more selective, look for MHC I protein)

releases perforin and granzymes to elicit cytotoxicity function

92
Q

T-Cells overview

A

the most numerous type of lymphocyte found in the blood, and also found in lymph nodes and tissues

produced by bone marrow as immature T-cells, which then travel to the thymus [hence the T] and mature into unique, naïve T cells

naïve T cells leave the thymus and migrate between lymph nodes looking for an antigen to which they can bind, and once bound, it becomes activated, proliferates and its progeny mature into effector and memory T cells

93
Q

B-Cells overview

A

lymphocyte found in the blood and lymph nodes (mostly in the lymph nodes)

produced by Bone marrow [hence the B] as unique, naïve B cells which then wander from lymph node to lymph node looking for an antigen to which they can bind.

when it finds an antigen to which it can bind, it becomes activated, proliferates and its progeny mature into both effector cells and memory cells

94
Q

CD4+ Helper T-Cells (TH) overview

A

effector T-Cell which is specific for MHC II protein; communicate with macrophages and secrete cytokine to activate other cells

help B cells to mature into antibody-secreting plasma cells

assist in the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL)

95
Q

compliment protein system three distinct pathways

A

classical

alternative

manose-binding-lectin

96
Q

two branches of the innate immune system

A

cellular & humoral

97
Q

what makes B-cells “naïve” and “unique”

A

they are naïve because these B cells have not yet encountered an antigen capable of binding to this unique molecule

they are unique because each has a unique molecule on their cell surface called the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)

98
Q

effector cells

A

antibody-secreting plasma cells created from B-cells

E.g. CD4+ Helper T, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell

99
Q

what makes T-cells “naïve” and “unique”

A

they are naïve because these T cells have not yet encountered an antigen capable of binding to this unique molecule

they are unique because each has a unique molecule on their cell surface called the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)

100
Q

effector T cells main function

A

control immune responses [the “kings” of cell-mediated immunity]

101
Q

AIDS patients are deficient in what immune cell

A

CD4+ TH cells

102
Q

generative lymphoid organs

A

thymus & bone marrow [b/c they generate T and B-cells, respectively]

also called the central lymphoid organs or primary lymphoid organs

103
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue [since naïve B and T-cells meet here for antigens second]

also called peripheral lymphoid organs

104
Q

active immune response

A

when the body encounters an antigen causing naïve B and T cells to proliferate and mature into effector and memory cells, and thus the effector B cells make an antibody

lasts longer than the passive immune response

105
Q

passive immune response

A

when a premade antibody is administered to an individual and their immune system does not have to effector B-cells make antibodies

does not last as long as active immune response

106
Q

secondary response

A

the second time we are exposed to an antigen

faster, greater magnitude, and has a different antibody-type with a higher affinity than the primary response

107
Q

primary response

A

the first time we are exposed to an antigen

slower, lesser magnitude, and has different antibody-types with a decreased affinity than the secondary response

108
Q

cytokines

A

the molecules by which cells of the immune system communicate with other cells

[Cyto = cell, kine = do something]

109
Q

chemokines

A

cytokines with the primary function of enacting movement

[Chemo = a small molecule, almost chemical-like; kine = do something, which in this case is move!]

110
Q

naïve lymphocytes

A

T or B lymphocytes (not NK cells because they do not bind antigen) that have never encountered an antigen to which they can bind

(these cells only live for a few weeks/months)

111
Q

effector lymphocytes

A

T or B lymphocytes that have encountered an antigen to which they can bind and are programmed to perform their function immediately

these cells only live for a few days

112
Q

memory lymphocytes

A

T or B lymphocytes that have encountered an antigen to which they can bind and are programmed to be memory cells

these cells live quiescently for years and reactivate quickly when they encounter their antigen

113
Q

where are B-cells found in lymph nodes

A

the follicles

114
Q

where are T-cells found in lymph nodes

A

in the paracortex

115
Q

where are dendritic cells found in lymph nodes

A

in the paracortex

116
Q

high endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

specialized venules in lymph nodes through which naive T-cells enter

117
Q

where is the highest probability for a naïve T cell to see its antigen

A

in lymph nodes where it is concentrated

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