Microbiology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

name a main competitive bacterial flora in the skin

A

staph epidermidis

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2
Q

how is a bacterial skin infection diagnosed?

A

swab of lesion if broken surface
pus or tissue if its a deeper lesion
blood cultures if needed

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3
Q

how is staph aureus diagnosed?

A

coagulase +ve

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4
Q

what is the most common coagulase -ve organism and what usually causes this result on a culture?

A

staph epidermidis

usually a contaminant in the sample as epidermidis is a skin commensal

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5
Q

describe staph

A

gram +ve cocci in clusters

best growth aerobically but can be anaerobic

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6
Q

what gives staph aureus its effectiveness as a pathogen?

A
produces enzymes (coagulase)
produces toxins:
- enterotoxin = food poisoning
- SSSST = staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome toxin
PVL = panton valentine leucocodin (difficult to treat)
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7
Q

what is first and second line for staph aureus?

A

flucloxacillin

vancomycin if penicillin allergic etc but not as effective

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8
Q

is staph aureus always a dangerous pathogen?

A

no, 30% carry it without problems

but can cause minor skin sepsis, cellulitis, impetigo and infected eczema etc

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9
Q

why does pus have to be removed from a lesion?

A

as antibiotics don’t work on pus

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10
Q

how is MRSA treated?

A
if skin/soft tissue:
- doxycycline
- co-trimoxazole
- clindamycin
- linezoid
If blood - vancomycin
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11
Q

coagulase negative staph are usually not pathogenic as they are skin commensals, when might they be pathogenic?

A

when associated with artificial joints, valves, catheters etc

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12
Q

describe strep

A

gram +ve cocci in chains
aerobic
classified by haemolysis

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13
Q

what are the categories of haemolysis?

A
beta = complete (gold on blood agar)
alpha = partial (green on blood agar)
gamma = non haemolytic
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14
Q

what infections are associated with strep pyogenes (group A strep)?

A
infected eczema
impetigo
cellulitis
necrotising fasciitis
erysipelas
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15
Q

how are beta haemolytic strep further classified?

A

group A and group B

differentiated by antigenic structure on surface

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16
Q

what are the 2 main groups of alpha haemolytic strep?

A

strep pneumoniae

strep viridans - common endocarditis

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17
Q

what is the main non-haemolytic strep group?

A

enterococcus

common cause of UTI

18
Q

how is skin sepsis treated?

A

no antibiotics if minor
general first line = flucloxacillin as it covers staph aureus and group A strep
If known group A strep = penicillin

19
Q

how is necrotising fasciitis treated?

A

immediate surgery is only cure

antibiotics wont cure but used alongside surgery

20
Q

what are some signs of necrotising fasciitis?

A

massive pain with not much to see on the skin
makes crepitus sound when you press on it
air on imaging

21
Q

what is necrotising fasciitis and what are the 2 types?

A

bacterial infection spreading along fascial planes below skin surface causing rapid tissue destruction
type 1 = mixed anaerobes and coliforms, usually post abdo surgery
type 2 = group A strep infection

22
Q

how are leg ulcers investigated?

A

only take swabs if evidence of active infection as underlying cause is actually vascular

23
Q

how are leg ulcers treated?

A

only treat if following organisms found?

  • strep pyogenes, staph aureus
  • beta haemolytic strep (B,C,G)
24
Q

what indicates osteomyelitis with a leg ulcer?

A

if the ulcer is more than 2cm and has been there more than 2 months

25
Q

what is a tinea infection?

A

ringworm
different types depending on site
i.e - tinea capitis = scalp etc

26
Q

how do fungal infections (dermatophyte infections) occur?

A

fungus enters abraded/soggy skin
spreads in stratum corneum and only infects keratinised tissues
increased epidermal turnover causes scaling
provokes inflammatory response

27
Q

what is the classical presentation of a dermatophyte infection?

A

ring appearance

more common in men

28
Q

what is the most common source of fungal infection?

A

from other infected humans

29
Q

what is the most common cause of dermatophyte infection?

A

trichophyton rubrum

30
Q

how are dermatophyte infections diagnosed?

A

clinical appearance
woods light
skin scrapings (from edge of lesion), nail clippings, hair etc

31
Q

how are dermatophyte infections treated?

A

if small areas = clotrimazole cream or topical nail paint (amorolfine)
If scalp = terbinafine or itraconazole

32
Q

where is candida infection commonly found?

A

skin folds, warm moist areas (under breasts etc)

33
Q

how is candida diagnosed and treated?

A
diagnosis = swab for culture
treatment = clotrimazole/oral fluconazole
34
Q

what is the bad form of scbies?

A

norweigian scabies

chronic, crusted and highly infectious

35
Q

what are the features of a scabies infection?

A

intensely itchy rash in finger webs, wrists and genitals

visible burrows in skin

36
Q

how are scabies treated?

A
malathion lotion overnight
benzyl benzoate (not in children)
37
Q

how are lice treated?

A

malathion

38
Q

what is the proper term for lice?

A

pediculus

39
Q

which type of bacteria can survive in the environment the best and why?

A

gram +ve

because of thicker cell wall

40
Q

which infections require single room isolation?

A

group A strep
MRSA
scabies