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Microbio MT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Average size of a bacteria cell compared to unicellular protist?

A

Bacteria: 1 - 3 uM

Protists 3 - 500 uM, typically between 10-100uM.

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2
Q

Size of an organism in relation to its Reynolds number

A

Smaller sizes = Smaller Reynolds number

Re = (Density * Speed * size of object) / Viscosity of liquid

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3
Q

What is the consequence of protists having low momentum?

A

They stop very quickly with no propulsion requiring a relatively large amount of energy to keep moving.

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4
Q

Cocci morphology

A

Oval
Don’t change shape

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5
Q

Why don’t morphological types always reflect relatedness?

A

Some protist species can match multiple morphological types and they are different from taxonomic groups.

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6
Q

Microtubule structure and functions (broad)

A

Tubulin

Structure, spindle, transport, flagella

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7
Q

Microfilament structure and functions (broad)

A

Actin

Structure, transport, cytokinesis (contractility)

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8
Q

Microtubule structure (specific)

A

Alpha and beta tubulin monomers come together to make tubulin dimers that stack to create protofiaments.

13 protofilaments make one complete microtubule.

Approximately 20 nM diameter

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9
Q

Microfilament structure (specific)

Motor protein?

A

Actin monomers join together to create microfilaments.

Myosin is motor protein

7nM diameter

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10
Q

Microtubule motor proteins

A

Kinesin and Dynein

Kinesin moves in the positive direction and dynein moves in the negative direction.

Microtubules grow and shrink at the positive side.

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11
Q

Flagellar roots purpose

A

Basal body alone not enough of an anchor for flagella to move. Flagellar roots anchor the basal body allowing necessary stability.

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12
Q

Axoneme structure

A

9 + 2

Central pair of microtubules is surrounded by 9 microtubule doublets.

The doublets are composed of one complete MT with 13 protofilaments fused with a second incomplete MT with 11 protofilaments.

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13
Q

What drives the beating of cilia and flagella?

A

two arms of dynein are attached to each A tubule, and it is the motor activity of these axonemal dyneins that drive the cilia and flagella.

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14
Q

Basal body function

A

Basal bodies serve to initiate the growth of axonemal microtubules, as well as anchoring cilia and flagella to the surface of the cell.

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15
Q

Basal body structure

A

9 x 3 - Nine triplets of microtubules

Each of the outer microtubule doublets of the axoneme is formed by extension of two of the microtubules present in the triplets of the basal body.

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16
Q

What is in between the axonemes and the basal body?

A

The transition zone

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17
Q

MTOC

A

Microtubule organizing centers

Areas of the cell from which microtubules emerge, assemble and are regulated.

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18
Q

Centrosome

A

Relatively large discrete, organelle-like MTOC involved in forming the spindle

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19
Q

Centrioles

A

Two of them form the basic structure of the animal centrosomes.

Homologous to basal bodies

Rare among other eukaryotes

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20
Q

What protists typically have only 1 flagells?

A

Opithokonts

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21
Q

What amount of flagella is the most common?

A

2

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22
Q

Stramenopile flagella

A

They have two, one with mastigonemes

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23
Q

Dinoflagellate flagella

A

Longitudinal flagella for propulsion, transverse for stability.

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24
Q

Mastigonemes

A

Extracellular hair like structures

When flagella have mastigonemes they pull the cell instead of pushing.

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25
Q

Undulating membrane

A

Extension of the cytoplasmic membrane or flagella helping movements.

Creates a fin for moving in thick liquid.

Typical in Parabasalians

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26
Q

Cilia used for crawling?

A

Cirri

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27
Q

Photoreceptor and stigma

A

Stigma blocks light to the photoreceptor.

As the organism rotates the stigma blocks light allowing for the detection of the direction of the light.

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28
Q

What groups don’t have flagella?

A

Red algae, fungi

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29
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Any cellular protrusion that changes it’s shape.

30
Q

Pseudopodia used for locomotion:

A

Lobopodia and Filopodia

31
Q

Pseudopodia used for feeding:

A

Detriculopodia, Axopodia,

32
Q

Filopodia and Lobopodia shape

A

Filopodia are slender

Lobopodia are lobose and blunt, most having shells. Mostly amoebozoa, some excavates.

Both are microfilaments

33
Q

Detriculopodia

A

Mostly foramiferans

Branching filaments that fuse together to form food traps.

Microtubules

Most have shell

Not flagella - change shape

34
Q

Axopodia

A

Microtubules

Doesn’t change shape, only grows and shrinks

35
Q

How do lobose amoeba produce enough force to propell cytoplasmic stream?

A

Actin squeeze the cell pushing cell content (in a ring).

Actin polymerizes (grows) pushing membrane.

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Precise term

Ancestral, super system conserved in eukaryotes

Microfilaments, microtubules

37
Q

Skeleton

A

Vague term

Refers to endo (below PM) and exoskeleton (above PM)

38
Q

Siliceous skeletons

A

Diatoms extracellular wall (frustule)

Polycistine Radiolarians - silica

39
Q

Calcareous skeletons

A

Haptophytes –> Coccolithophorids

Foramiferans –> Amoeba with reticulapodia

40
Q

Abundance of organisms with natural skeletons

A

All very abundant organisms - Huge biomass controls recycling of organisms

41
Q

Sediment at bottom of ocean

A

Silica doesn’t dissolve in water and CaCO3 only dissolves very deep leading to lots of sediment.

42
Q

How do salt water organisms control their buoyancy?

A

The skeleton and cytoplasm is more dense than water.

They can pump ions and salts out of their large aqueous vacuole lowering their density below that of seawater.

43
Q

How come freshwater protists don’t swim?

A

They can’t pump ions and salts out of aqueous vacuoles to allow them to float.

No aqueous vacuoles.

44
Q

Where does phagocytosis occur in Acontharea?

A

In the ectoplasm

45
Q

What opens the plate of cortex by contracting to allow Acontharea to eat?

A

Myonemes contract to allow pseudopod to go through the hole to eat prey.

46
Q

Organisms that use light for energy? Chemical bonds?

A

Phototrophs and chemotrophs

47
Q

Organisms that fix carbon vs consume organic molecules

A

Autotrophs can fix CO2.

Heterotrophs consume organic molecules

48
Q

Organisms that get electrons from inorganic vs organic molecules?

A

Lithotrophs from inorganic, organotrophs from organic molecules.

49
Q

Electron acceptors (not a trophic strategy)

A

O2 - Aerobes

Anything else - Anaerobes

50
Q

Eukaryote trophic strategies

A

Chemoorganoheterotrophs or photolithoautotrophs

51
Q

What organisms are good at osmotrophy

A

Bacteria (only form of heterotrophy in bacteria and archaea) and fungi (hyphae).

Oomycetes

Unicellular eukaryotes not good at osmotrophy, lower SA to volume ratio.

52
Q

Phagocytosis exclusivity

A

Exclusive to eukaryotes

One of the most important events in the history of life that allowed eukaryotes to grow by consuming other organisms.

53
Q

How do protists sense their environment?

A

Mechanoreception –> Contact

Chemoreception

54
Q

How do protists catch their prey?

A

Diffusion feeding –> Stay still and wait for prey

Raptorial feeding –> Capturing prey

Filter feeding

55
Q

Filter feeding

A

Most common

Flagella used to create a water current.

Some excavates have a feeding groove where water is forced through the groove. Phagocytosis occurs when prey concentrated.

56
Q

What do phagotrophic protists need?

A

Cytosome

57
Q

Pallium feeding

A

Dinoflagellates extrude a feeding veil called a pallium. The pallium envelops the prey. The dinoflagellate then secretes digestive enzymes into the sac and breaks down the prey. Once complete, the dinoflagellate retracts the pallium and leaves behind any indigestible material.

58
Q

Myzocytosis

A

Extends a penduncle that attaches and pierces prey then sucks out cellular content

59
Q

Vampyrellids

A

Rhizaria with filose amoeba that pierce the cell wall of prey and suck out cellular content.

60
Q

Digestion process

A

Food vacuole detaches from cytosome (mouth)

Acidosomes fuse to food vacuole and lower pH. Food vacuole becomes digestive vacuole.

Lysosomes fuse with acidified digestive vacuole and release lytic enzymes.

Vesicle with digested compounds and enzymes pinch off digestive vacuole. Enzymes are recycled.

Waste is defecated when digestive vacuole fuses with the cryptoproct (anus).

Other vesicles fuse and pinch off digestive vacuole to optimize each step.

61
Q

Pre-defined path of digestive vacuole within the cytoplasm

A

Cyclosis

62
Q

Shapeshifting as defence

A

Euplotes; a cilliate, change shape when predators are near into a defensive phenotype with a wing/fin that makes them harder to phagocytosize.

63
Q

Extrosomes

A

Defense mechanism paramecium use.

Stuns incoming predators by shooting cloud of trichocysts

64
Q

Trophic strategies of extra vs intracellular parasites

A

Intracellular parasites are typically osmotrophs due to most food already being broken down.

Extracellular parasites are typically phagotrophs

65
Q

What protist steals ATP directly from hosts?

A

Microsporidians

66
Q

Algae that are voracious predators

A

Most are photosynthetic dinoflagellates with plastids from red alga.

67
Q

Green algae mixotrophy

A

Most abundant photosynthetic organism.

Also predators

68
Q

Haptophyte specialized feeding structure

A

Haptonema

69
Q

Heterotrophic organisms with algal symbionts

A

Ciliates, rhizarians

70
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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