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BIOL 205 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived characters (They appeared in or very shortly before the most recent common ancestor).

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2
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Traits that are shared among members of a clade but are ancestral and much older that the most recent common ancestor. E.g., having four limbs is a symplesiomorphy for mammals.

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3
Q

Homologous vs Convergent characters

A

Homologous characters are shared characters that were inherited from a common ancestor.

Convergent evolution refers to when a character state evolved independently during different evolutionary events. Not inherited from a common ancestor.

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4
Q

Rank porifera from least complex to most complex.

A

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

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5
Q

Where does water exit a sponge?

A

The osculum

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6
Q

What are pinacocytes?

A

Flat “skin cells” of sponges. Line the exterior of the sponge body wall.

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7
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

Cells that line the interior of sponges that have a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli.

Function to create the flow of water and capture food items through the sponge.

Make up the choanoderm.

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8
Q

What are the main differences between Calcarea, Hexactinellida and Demospongae?

A

Calcarea have calcium carbonate spicules and no spongin.

Hexactinellida contain six-rayes siliceous spicules and no spongin.

Demospongia contain spongin and may or may not have siliceous spicules. Will never have 6-rayed spicules.

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9
Q

Sexual reproduction in sponges

A

Sperm are released into the spongocoel and driven out by the beating of choanocytes. The sperm is then drawn into the aquifer out system of another sponge and engulfed by a choanocyte. The choanocyte then migrates into the mesohyl and carries the sperm to an egg.

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10
Q

What cells are found in the mesohyl?

A

Amoebocytes and eggs.

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11
Q

As adults what classification would you give most Hexactinellida and Demospongiae?

A

Leuconoid

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12
Q

Micropyle

A

Thin region of spongin casing lacking spicules.

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13
Q

Gemmule formation

A

In autumn archeocytes gather in the mesohyl and undergoes mitosis. A large mass of archeocytes is then surrounded by trophocytes, which are then engulfed by the archeocytes. The archeocytes are then surrounded by a spongin casing. When the parent sponge dies it scatters the gemmules into the sediment which will then hatch when conditions improve in the spring

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14
Q

What forms the lining of the GVC?

A

Gastrodermis

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15
Q

Which Cnidaria taxa have mesoglea and which have mesenchyne?

What is the difference between the two?

A

Hydrozoans have mesoglea

Scyphozoans and Anthozoans have mesenchyme.

Mesoglea is a jelly-like matrix that does not contain living cells while mesencyme has living cells.

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16
Q

Which taxa of Cnidaria does not have a medusa stage?

A

Anthozoa - Sea anemones

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17
Q

In Anthozoa what is the result of sexual reproduction?

A

The result is a planula larva stage which grows into a new polyp.

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18
Q

In anthozoa, what divides the GVC into smaller chambers?

A

Thin walls called mesenteries, which are lined with gastrodermis.

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19
Q

Describe the GVC of scyphomedusae.

A

The GVC has four gastric pouches and the radial canals are extensively branched.

The radial canals connect the pouches to the ring canal.

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20
Q

Describe Scyphomedusae rhopalia

A

Complex sensory structures which contain statocysts (Sense the orientation of the body relative to the environment), ocelli (photoreceptors) and chemoreceptors.

Each ropallium is located between two flaps called lappets.

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction of Scyphozoa

A

Occurs during the medusa stage and results in a planula larva. The larva will eventually settle and dormant a tiny polyp known as a scyphistoma.

The scyphistoma then asexually divides in a process called strobilation (strobila stage).

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22
Q

What does strobilation produce? (Scyphozoa)

A

Young medusae called ephyra.

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23
Q

What life stage is prominent in Hydrozoa?

A

Hydrozoans have a prominent polyp stage which reproduces asexually and can persist throughout the entire year.

The polyp stage gives rise to an asexually produced medusa stage which reproduces sexually and usually only lives a few months.

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24
Q

Hydrozoan planula larvae

A

The product of sexual reproduction.

Lecithotrophic - Obtain nutrients from yolk and do not feed.

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25
Q

Gastro vs Gonozooids

A

Gastrozooids are polyps for feeding

Gonozooids are for the production of gonophores, structures that will develop into medusa.

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26
Q

How does the medusa stage of hydrozoans differ from that of scyphozoans?

A

Most hydromedusae have a velum, scyphomedusae don’t.

Scyphomedusae have rhopalia as their main sensory structures while hydromedusae have tentacular bulbs.

Scyphomedusa have mesenchyme instead of mesoglea

Scyphomedusae have a more pronounced manubrium with oral arms compared to hydromedusae.

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27
Q

What are the three major types of nematocysts?

A

Penetrant - barbed base

Volvent (Entangling) - Tightly coiled thread, no barbed base

Glutinant (Adhesive) - Straight thread, no barbed base

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28
Q

What are the taxa of platyhelminthes and are they free living or parasitic?

A

Polycladida - Free-living

Rhabdocoela - Free-living

Tricladida - Free-living

Neodermata - Parasitic

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29
Q

Platyhelminthes features

A

Bilateral symettry

Triploblastic

Cephalization

Acoelomate

Monoecious

30
Q

Coelom

A

Fluid0filled cavity that is completely enclosed in the body.

31
Q

In platyhelminthes what produces yolk?

A

Vitelline glands.

32
Q

Why are they called Tricaldida?

A

The GVC has three main branches with many tiny diverticula extending off each of these branches.

33
Q

How do tricladida eat?

A
34
Q

How do tricladida eat?

A

They extend their pharynx with the GVC opening being at the end of the pharynx.

35
Q

How do polyclads differ from the other taxa of flatworms?

A

Their ovaries produce both eggs and yolk.

GVC is extensively branched.

Ruffled pharynx as opposed to cylindrical.

36
Q

Muller’s larva

A

Many marine species of polycladida have a larva called muller’s larva.

Other species the young hatch directly from an egg with no larval stage.

37
Q

What are the two subgroups of the taxon Neodermata?

A

Trematoda - Flukes

Cestoda - Tapeworms

38
Q

Epidermis of Neodermata

A

AS adults they have a highly modified epidermis called the tegument.

The tegument does not have cilia and the cells are fused together.

39
Q

Cestoda structure

A

Tapeworms are dorsoventrally flattened parasites.

No GVC, tegument takes on the role of nutrient absorption.

Anterior end has scolex armed with hooks and or suckers used to attach to the intestinal wall.

40
Q

Proglottids

A

Contain a set of male and female reproductive organs.

New proglottids formed by budding posterior to the scolex.

Oldest proglottids are the furthest posterior and are gravid (full of eggs).

41
Q

Cestoda (Taenia solium) life cycle

A

Gravid proglottids are released from adult tape worm and leave the body of host.

Gravid proglottids break apart releasing eggs

Embryo develops into oncosphere with protective coating and eaten by a pig

Sheds protective coating and burrows through intestinal wall into circulatory system

Once transported to a skeletal muscle develops into invaginated cysticercus.

Infected pork eaten by a human where scolex attaches to intestinal wall.

42
Q

Mollusc basic characteristics

A

Complete digestive tract

Ventral muscular foot

Calcareous shell secreted by the mantle

Ctenidia

A mantle cavity

A radula

43
Q

Visceral mass

A

Collection of body organs including the reproductive organs and digestive system.

44
Q

Cerebral ganglia

A

Mollusc BRAIN

45
Q

Do molluscs have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

Open except for cephalopods

46
Q

Describe the open circulatory system

A

The ventricle of the heart pumps hemolymph through an aorta then into the hemocoel.

Hemocoel arises from the blastocoel.

47
Q

Do gastropods undergo torsion? What is torsion?

A

Yes. Torsion refers to the 180 degree rotation of the visceral mass, mantle and shell relative to the head and foot. This causes the opening of the mantle cavity and the anus to be anterior. Right digestive gland also is smaller han the left.

48
Q

How would you know a gastropod had detorted?

A

The anus and mantle cavity would be at the posterior end of the animal but the right digestive gland would remain larger.

49
Q

Pneumostome

A

The opening to the mantle cavity in air-breathing gastropods.

50
Q

OPerculum

A

Closes the opening to other shell when the whole body is inside.

51
Q

Where is sperm produced in Helix and where does it go?

A

Sperm is produced in the ovotestis, passes through the gametic duct before entering the vas deferens.

52
Q

Spermatophores

A

Protective casing for sperm. Packaged in the spermatophoric organ before being stored in the vas deferens prior to copulation.

53
Q

Where are the hormones and mucus used by the love dart produced?

A

Mucus glands

54
Q

Where do the spermatophores go after they are received by the vagina?

A

The copulatory canal.

If the mate has been hit with the love dart they go into the blind deverticulum, if not they are consumed in the bursula copulatrix.

55
Q

From the blind diverticulum where do the spermatophores go?

A

The sperm exits the spermatophores.

Copulatort canal -> Oviduct -> Common duct -> Spermathecal sacs within the fertilization chamber of the albumen gland.

Stored there until eggs are ready to be fertilized.

56
Q

Path of eggs in Helix

A

Produced in ovotestis (not same time a sperm), once mature pass through the gametic duct and enter the fertilization chamber at the entrance to the albumen gland.

57
Q

Terrestrial gastropod development

A

Direct development. Eggs hatch directly into tiny snails.

58
Q

Scaphopod gas exchange and feeding

A

Lost ctenidia so exchange gases with the water using the mantle.

Capture microorganisms and organic particles using tentacles (captacula).

59
Q

Scaphopod reproduction

A

Dioecious.

]Use external fertilization releasing eggs or sperm into the ocean.

Fertilized egss develop into trochophore larvae then into veliger larvae.

60
Q

Chiton shells

A

7 or 8 plates called valves.

61
Q

Where are ctenidia located in chitons?

A

In the pallial grooves. Cilia pump water through the grooves to supply water for gas exchange.

62
Q

Chiton movement and sexuality?

A

Glide along hard surfaces using waves of muscle contraction of the foot.

Dioecious reproducing using external fertilization. Eggs develop into trochophore larvae then chiton.

63
Q

Describe the flow of water through an asconoid sponge

A

Ostium -> spongocoel -> osculum

64
Q

Which is larger in a sponges mesohyl: eggs or amoebocytes?

A

Eggs are much larger

65
Q

Does the polyp stage of hydrozoans reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Asexually

66
Q

Perisarc and coenosarc

A

Perisarc is a chitinous exoskeleton, the coenosarc is the living tissue inside.

67
Q

Siphonoglyph

A

Cilliated grooves within the pharynx

68
Q

Acontium

A

Released by anthozoans as a defence mechanism

Contains thousands of glutinant nematocysts

69
Q

Volvent

A

Entangling, long coiled thread allowing it to wrap around tiny projections on prey

70
Q

Glutinant

A

Long straight thread with a sticky surface for holding onto prey

71
Q

Rhabdites

A

Produce mucus

72
Q

Which mollusc only has a trochophore larval stage?

A

Polyplacaphora, the other two have a veliger larval stage as well.

Biology (11 decks)

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