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Microbio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chloracniophyte

A

Green algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph present
4 membranes

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2
Q

Euglenids

A

Green algae endosymbiont
Lost plasma membrane
3 membranes
Excavata supergroup

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3
Q

Cryptomonads

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph present
4 membranes
Rhizarians
Mixotrophic algae - multiple trophic modes

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4
Q

Haptophytes

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
4 membranes
Haptista

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5
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
3 membranes
Lost plasma membrane
Alveolates

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6
Q

Stramenopiles endosymbiosis

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
4 membranes

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7
Q

What were the three groups of archaeplastids?

A

Green algae

Red Algae

Glaucophytes

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8
Q

Glaucophytes

A

Archaeplastida

They retained peptidoglycan from Cyanobacteria.

Low abundance

Mostly freshwater

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9
Q

What was the endosymbiont that was consumed by a eukaryotic host to create archaeplastida?

A

Cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Endogenesis Hypothesis

A

Archaea evolve an endomembrane system and cytoskeleton.

Consume a-protobacteria

Mito-late

Membrane composition problem

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11
Q

Hydrogen hypothesis

A

Archaea somehow gained mitochondria

Endomembrane evolved from mitochondria

Mito-early

Membrane composition problem

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12
Q

Syntrophy hypothesis

A

Delta proteum bacteria engulfed archaea

Endomembrane system evolved from inner membrane

Consumed alpha-protobacteria

Mito-late

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13
Q

Inside-out model

A

Archaea engulfed alpha- protobacteria with weird arms

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14
Q

Rhodophytes (Red algae)

A

Archaeplastida

Unicellular or multicellular

Mostly marine

Tiny nuclear genomes

Economically important

Ecosystem-forming

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15
Q

Green algae

A

Archaeplastida

Multiple independent origins of multicellularity

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16
Q

Eumycetozoans

A

Amoebozoa

Slime moulds

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17
Q

Fungi

A

Opisthokonta

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18
Q

Metazoa

A

Opisthokonta

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19
Q

Microsporidians

A

Opisthokonta

Obligate intracellular parasites

No aerobic metabolism - steal ATP directly from host
Have mitosome

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20
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Opisthokonta

Mostly marine

Bacterivore filter feeders

Unicellular or colonial

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21
Q

Diplomonads

A

Excavata

Mostly parasites

Amitochondriate - mitosome

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22
Q

Parabasalians

A

Excavata

Amitochondriate (hydrogenosomes)

Mutualists in termite guts

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23
Q

Oxymonads

A

Excavata

Amitochondriate - lost

Mutualists in insect guts

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24
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Excavata

Many free-living

An important lineage of insect parasites

Three genera are very relevant for human health - Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Phytomonas

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25
Q

Diplonemids

A

Excavata

26
Q

SAR

A

Three related supergroups

Stramenopiles, Aveolates, Rhizarians

27
Q

Heterokont flagellation

A

If the flagella are of different length then it is known as heterokont.

Heterokont flagella shows both tinsel and whiplash appearance

28
Q

Stramenopiles supergroup

A

Motile stage with heterokont flagellation.

Includes: Oomycetes, Brown algae (phaerophytes), Diatoms

29
Q

Oomycetes

A

Fungus-like Stramenopiles.

Often pathogenic for plants

30
Q

Phaeophytes (Brown Algae)

A

Stramenopiles

All multicellular and often large.

31
Q

Diatoms

A

Stramenopiles

Mostly unicellular

Main photosynthetic primary ocean producers

Planktonic and benthonic

Surrounded by a two part siliceous wall - frustule

32
Q

Alveolates Super group

A

Cilliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans

33
Q

Ciliates

A

Alveolates

Cilia

Nuclear dimorphism - two different kinds of nuclei

Conjugation - Transfer of genetic material between cells through contact.

Low biomass, high diversity and importance

Extremely active and voracious

34
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Alveolates

Cause of red tides

Essential symbionts for reef-forming corals

Unique nuclear organization - dinokaryon

Some have eyes!

35
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Alveolates
Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
4 membranes
Specialized for parasitism
Agent of some infectious diseases - malaria

36
Q

Rhizarians supergroup

A

Radiolarians, foramiferans, cryptomonads

Filose and axopodial amoebae

37
Q

Radiolarians

A

Rhizarians

Mostly marine planktonic

Complex skeletons

38
Q

Foramiferans

A

Rhizarians

Marine and benthonic

Skeletons commonly found in the fossil record

39
Q

Haptista

A

Haptophytes

Major blooms in cold areas.

Coccolithophorids are covered in scales.

40
Q

Hemimastigophorids and Provora

A

Orpangs

Don’t fit in any morphological group

Molecular data has confirmed they are a sphere ate lineage.

41
Q

Excavata includes:

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalians
Oxymonads
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Diplonemids

42
Q

Opisthokonta includes:

A

Fungi
Metazoa
Microsporidians
Choanoflagellates

43
Q

How do proteins get from nucleus to plastids?

A

Signal peptide recognized by SRP and is translated through the endomembrane.

Signal peptide is then cleaved and transit peptide is recognized by Selma then TOC and TIC before being cleaved once it enters the matrix.

44
Q

Signal peptide

A

short sequence of amino acids at the beginning of a newly synthesized protein that directs the protein to specific locations within or outside the cell

45
Q
A

Hydrogenosome

46
Q

Hydrogenosome

A

Membrane bound organelle similar to mitochondria whose primary function is production of ATP.

Parabasalians

47
Q

Polycistronic

A

Multiple proteins are coded on one strand of mRNA

48
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequences

A

short, conserved nucleotide sequences located in the 5’ untranslated region of bacterial mRNA that initiate translation at multiple sites within a polycistronic mRNA.

49
Q

Matrix

A

material or environment in which cells, tissues, or organelles are embedded.

50
Q

Why are kelp not considered plants?

A

They lack true tissues and organs like roots, stems and leaves.

Plants are defined by being a monophyletic group with a common ancestor and a unique method of reproduction, specifically retaining the fertilized egg within the mother plant in a protective structure called an archegonium. In contrast, kelp (brown algae) belongs to a different lineage (Stramenopila) and reproduces by releasing eggs and sperm into the water, similar to many algae. While both plants and kelp have evolved large, complex multicellular forms independently and have different photosynthetic origins, they are fundamentally distinct groups within the tree of life, defined by their reproductive strategies and evolutionary paths.

51
Q

Mitosome

A

Mitochondria related organelle found in some unicellular eukaryotic organisms (Diplomonads, Microsporidians, archameoba).

Associated with the biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters.

52
Q

Amoebazoans

A

Atmitochondrate - mitosome

Included: archaemoeba, eumycetozoans

53
Q

Archaea and bacteria similarities

A

No endomembrane system

No cytoskeleton

Operons and polycistronic DNA

Shine-dargano sequences

No 5’ cap or poly A tail or spliceosomal introns

54
Q

Similarities between archaea and eukaryotes

A

Single cell membrane

No peptidoglycan

Histones

TATA box

55
Q

Things unique to archaea

A

Membrane composition - Glycerol-1 phosphate head with isoprenoid tails.

56
Q

Protozoa

A

All heterotrophic protists

57
Q

Which endosymbionts have a nucleomorph present?

A

Chloracnophytes and cryptomonads

58
Q

Which endosymbionts have 4 membranes?

A

Chloracnophytes, cryptomonads, haptophytes, stramenopiles, apicomplexans

59
Q

Which endosymbionts have 3 membranes?

A

Euglenids, dinoflagellates,

60
Q

Which organisms have mitosomes?

A

Microsporidians, diplomonads, archaemoeba

61
Q

Which organisms lost their mitochondria?

A

Oxymonads

Biology (11 decks)

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