BIOL 111 - Lab Exam Flashcards
Cambium
Lateral meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.
Cone
Reproductive structure of gymnosperms in which the pollen (male) and seeds (female) are produced.
Endoskeleton
Hard skeleton within soft tissue of an animal.
Eukaryotic
Single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane bound nucleus and numerous organelles.
Notochord
Flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve chord that provides support along the length of the animal.
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
Bundle of nerve cells that runs the length of the body.
Pharyngeal gill slits
Slits in the pharynx that open to the outside of the animal allowing water to enter the mouth and leave the body without passing through the entire digestive tract.
Chondrichthyes characteristics
Cartilaginous skeleton, No swim bladder.
Hagfish
Jawless, cartilaginous skull with brain and eyes, no backbone.
Produce slime for defence
Lampreys
Cartilaginous skull and backbone
Jawless
Parasitic
What is the function of each fin?
Pectoral - Maneuvering
Dorsal - Stability
Caudal - Power and speed
Osteichthyes
Bony endoskeleton, jaws, swim bladder.
Amphibia
External fertilization, First stage of life in water, gas exchange via lungs and skin, cold-blooded. ]
Three chambered heart, two circuits.
Reptilia
Lay shelled eggs, gas exchange via lungs, skin is dry and scaly.
Most ectothermic, birds are endothermic,
Birds
Endothermic, feathers, lack teeth four chambered heart.
Mammalian
Endothermic, Four-chambered heart, mammary glands, hairy.
Oviparous vs ovoviviparous
Oviparous animals lay eggs
ovoviviparous animals the egg develops inside the animal.
Monotremes vs Marsupials vs Placentals
Egg-laying mammals
Pouched animals that give birth to underdeveloped embryos that climb into mother’s pouch.
Mother carries the fetus which is nourished via the placenta .
Metamorphosis
A series of physiological changes that transform the larvae into an adult.
Amniotic egg
Internal wet environment.
Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid an yolk sac for nutrients
Tough shell prevents liquid loss and protects.
Bryophyta (Mosses)
Non vascular,
Gametophyte dominant
Flagellated sperm
Spores
Monilophyta (Ferns)
Vascular
Sporophyte dominant
Flagellated sperm
Spores
Sori and sporangium
Pinophyta (Conifers)
Vascular
Sporophyte dominant
Pollination by wind
Seeds
Woody ovulate cones
Anthophyta (Flowering plants)
Vascular
Sporophyte dominant
Fertilization by animals
Seeds
Vascular plants
Have vascular tubes to transport water and food.
Xylem and phloem.
Plasmogamy
Two mycelia fuse
Karyogamy
Two nuclei of the parents merge, zygote is diploid.
Fern life cycle
Sporangia produce spores via meiosis
Spores germinate into the gametophyte via mitosis.
Antheridia produce flagellated sperm
Archegonia produce eggs.
Seed plant key adaptations and evolution
Seeds are embryos with a supply of nutrients packaged in a protective coat.
Seeds can be dispersed.
Pollination replaces sperm cell swimming to egg.
Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
Naked seeds not enclosed in ovaries, seeds found within cones, wind pollinated, heterosporous (male & female)
flowering plants which produce seeds that develop inside of the ovaries. Pollinated by biotic or abiotic agents.
Double fertilization
Discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac.
One combines with egg other combine with the two polar nuclei creating food for embryo.
How does fruit develop?
Seed develops from an ovule
Fruit develops when the ovary wall thickens.
Porifera
No symmetry
Filter feeders with intracellular digestion
Cnidaria
Cniodocytes (stinging cells)
Gastrovascular cavity (one hole for eating and excreting)
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Gastrovascular
Ladder-like nervous system
Flame cells
Nematoda (Round worms)
Parasites
Cuticle that moults (ecdysozoa)
Complete digestive tract
Annelida (earthworms, marine segmented worms)
Segmented
Hydrostatic skeleton
Hermaphrodites
Mollusca `
Visceral mass and mantle
Filter feeders - clams
Active hunters - squid
Arthropoda
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
Ecdysozoa
Open circulatory
Gills or tracheolar depending on class.
Echinodermata
Water vascular system for movement
Endoskeleton
Spiny skin
Chordata
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Post anal tail
Phalangeal gill slits
Notochord
