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Biology > BIOL 205 Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 205 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which taxon of Mollusca have secondarily lost the radula?

A

Bivalves

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2
Q

Reproduction and larval stages for bivalves? Are the larval stage benthic or planktonic?

A

Dioecious with external fertilization.

Fertilized egg develops into trochophore larva then veliger larva, both are planktonic.

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3
Q

How do bivalves eat?

A

They are filter feeders that pump water through the mantle cavity using cilia. Organic particles and organisms are trapped by sticky mucus on ctenidia.

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4
Q

Which larval stage of bivalves lasts longer?

A

The feeding veliger stage lasts for several weeks before settling onto a hard surface,

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5
Q

How do mussels attach to hard surfaces? Can they move once they’ve attached to a surface?

A

By secreting byssal threads from the byssal gland in the foot. They can move by breaking threads with the muscular foot and then reattaching new ones.

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6
Q

What prevents the shells of mussels from opening?

A

The posterior abductor muscle.

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7
Q

What happens to potential food particles after they are captured by the ctenidium of mussels?

A

Cilia carry the particles to the food groove and then along the food groove towards the mouth. When particles reach the anterior end of the groove they are sorted by the labial palps. If particles are edible they go into the mouth. If not, the pseudofaeces is pushed away from the mouth.

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8
Q

Flow of water through the mantle cavity of a mussel

A

Enters through ventral inhalant siphon, moves posterior to anterior passing over ctenidia, reaches anterior end and flows dorsally picking up any pseudofaeces from labial palps, on its way back to posterior end it picks up nitrogenous waste from kidneys and gametes from the genital papilla if spawning. Passes under the posterior abductor muslce, picks up feces from anus and exits mantle cavity vie dorsal exhalant siphon.

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9
Q

In mussels, where are the gametes released during spawning?

A

The genital opening or gonopore on the genital papilla.

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10
Q

Which muscles pull the foot back inside for mussels?

A

The large anterior and posterior foot retractor muscles.

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11
Q

Do mussels have an open circulatory system?

A

Yes

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12
Q

How do bivalves exchange gases?

A

Ctenidia

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13
Q

Cephalopoda taxa?

A

Nautiloidea

Coleoidea - Decapodiformes (Squid and cuttlefish), Octopodiformes (Octopus)

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14
Q

Eyes of coleoids

A

Have a lens and cornea allowing them to form images.

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15
Q

What is the only mollus taxon to have a closed circulatory system?

A

Cephalopods.

They have two hearts, two bronchial hearts pump blood to ctenidia and a systemic heart that pumps blood to the rest of the body.

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16
Q

Do cephalopods have a muscular foot?

A

No, it has been modified into arms and tentacles that surround the mouth.

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17
Q

Cephalopod reproductive strategies

A

They are dioecious and reproduce using internal fertilization. Most have direct development.

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18
Q

How to distinguish between arms and tentacles>

A

Tentacles are longer and thinner than the arms.

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19
Q

How do squid’s eat?

A

They capture prey with their tentacles and hold the prey tightly in their arms. They then bite the prey with the beak often using a paralytic neurotoxin. They use their radula to rasp small bits of flesh from large bites of prey.

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20
Q

Where is the beak and radula of squid found?

A

The large, rounded buccal mass.

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21
Q

Squid chromatophores

A

Sacs of pigment that can be manipulated to change color in response to environmental cues.

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22
Q

What structures are used to close the main opening to the mantle cavity of squid?

A

Cartilaginous grooves and ridges interlock to close the main opening.

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23
Q

Hearts of the squid

A

Teo bronchial hearts pump blood to the ctenidia to be oxygenated. Systemic heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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24
Q

Digestive tract of squid

A

Esophagus passes through the digestive gland to the stomach, connected to the stomach is the caecum which is sometimes filled with digested food. The rectum runs also guide the ink sac to exit and at the anus near the opening of the siphon.

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25
Q

Path of sperm in male squid pre-mating

A

Testes produce sperm which enter the vas deferents through the ciliated funnel. The vas deferents transports the sperm to the spermatophoric organ to be packaged into spermatophores. Spermatophores are stored in the spermatophoric sac.

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26
Q

Path of sperm in male squid when mating

A

Spermatophores are released from the spermatophoric sac which are carried through the vas deferens to the mantle cavort and onto the hectocotylous arm which is used to deliver the spermatophores to the female’s mantle cavity.

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27
Q

Path of eggs in the female squid

A

Eggs are produced in the ovary. Released from the ovaries through the oviduct, where the oviducal covers individual eggs in a capsule like membrane. The nidamental gland then produces a gelatinous covering holding up to 100 eggs.

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28
Q

Eggs in the female squid during mating.

A

Egg packages are released from the oviduct into the mantle cavity where free swimming sperm can enter the packages. The egg masses harden upon contact with sea water and are deposited laying an over egg capsule with 100 eggs.

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29
Q

Anellida body plan

A

Annelids are triploblastic and are coelomate.

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30
Q

What lines the coelom of coelomate animals?

A

A thin membrane called the peritoneum which id mesodermally derived.

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31
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum, the lining inside of the body walls in connected with the peritoneum that lines the outside of the internal organs.

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32
Q

What physically divides the coelom of neighbouring body segments in anellids?

A

Thin wall of tissue called an intersegmental septa.

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33
Q

Do annelids have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

Closed

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34
Q

What are chaetae? Which taxa of annelid has secondarily lost it?

A

Retractable chitinous bristles.

Hirudinoidea.

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35
Q

Do annelids have a complete digestive tract?

A

Yes\

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36
Q

Three sections of annelida

A

The head (cephalon region) consists of the prostomium(before mouth) and the peristomium(around mouth).

The trunk

The pygidium

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37
Q

Are Errantia marine or terrestrial»

A

Marine

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38
Q

Nereis parapodia

A

Unjointed appendages that are bigamous. Can find a pair on each segment of trunk.

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the gizzard in earthworms?

A

Mechanical digestion

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40
Q

Earthworm reproduction

A

Earthworms are monoecious. The testes produce sperm which are stored in seminal vesicles. The spermathecae stores sperm from a mate and then the clitellum secretes a mucus cocoon that picks up eggs from its own ovaries and sperm from the spermathecae. The cocoon is expelled and fertilization occurs.

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41
Q

How do onychophorans hunt?

A

They have adhesive glands which produce a sticky substance. When they come into contact with prey they shoot out the substance from the oral papilla.

42
Q

Do onycophorans have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

Open with the main body cavity being the hemocoel.

43
Q

Do nematodes have circular muscles?

A

No, they have a cuticle, elastic fibers and longitudinal muscles.

44
Q

Nematode body plan

A

Triploblastic, Blastocoelomate.

45
Q

Are nematodes dioecious? How do they reproduce?

A

Yes.

During copulation, sperm enters the female through the genital pore. Fertilization

46
Q

How to identify the intestine of the nematode Ascaris>

A

The intestine is relatively flat compared to the reproductive organs.

47
Q

Comparative sizes of female reproductive structures in Ascaris

A

Ovary is thinnest, then the oviduct, then the uterus which is the widest.

48
Q

Relative size of reproductive structures in male Ascaris

A

Testes are thinnest, then sperm duct, then the seminal vesicles which is largest.

49
Q

What are the copulatory spicules used for?
Nematodes

A

Male’s have copulatory spicules which are used to transfer sperm. Males have a hooked posterior end to help hold onto female during copulation.

50
Q

Life cycle or Ascaris

A

Fertilized eggs are released into the environment through host feces and inadvertently eaten by another animal. The juveniles penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the circulatory system where they are carried to the lungs. The juveniles grow in the lungs before being coughed up and then swallowed into the digestive system. They then mature in the intestine.

51
Q

What is the ancestral condition in arthropods/

A

Each body segment has one pair of appendages.

52
Q

What are the three tagmata of Crustacea? What is the term for when two of the tagma are fused?

A

There is the head (cephalon), thorax and abdomen.

When the head and thorax is fused it is referred to as the cephalothorax.

53
Q

Chelicerata tagmata?

A

Prosoma (cephalothorax) and opisthosoma (abdomen).

54
Q

Myriapoda tagmata:

A

Head and trunk

55
Q

Exoskeleton of arthropods

A

The epidermis secretes a cuticle thatt hardens into stiff plates called sclerites. The exoskeleton is composed of chitin.

56
Q

What are the names of the dorsal, ventral and two lateral sclerites?

A

Dorsal = Tergite
Ventral = Sternite
Lateral = Pleurites.

57
Q

What is the function of articular membranes?

A

They are flexible and provide joints for the otherwise completely stiff exoskeleton.

58
Q

What are the bumps and ridges on the inner surface of the exoskeleton? Function?

A

They are apodemes which allow for muscle attachment.

59
Q

What is a cephalon shield? Carapace?

A

The cephalic shield is when the termites of adjacent body segments in the head fuse together.
A carapace is. When the cephalic shield and the termites of the other tagma fuse together.

60
Q

Articles of appendages

A

Articles refers to each segment of an appendage. The first article is the coxa and articulates with the pleurite.

61
Q

Arthropods body plan

A

They have a reduced coelom with the main body cavity being the hemocoel of the open circulatory system. They have a complete digestive tract.

62
Q

How do arthropods sense movement of things over its outer surface?

A

Tiny hair-like structures called setae. When the seta bends, neurons are stimulated functioning as mechanoreceptors/

63
Q

Arthropods eyes

A

Most have compound eyes composed of several ommatidia. Each ommatidium has a lens and photoreceptors. Images from each ommatidium are compiled into one composite image.

They also have one or more ocelli which can detect light intensity.

64
Q

What is the ancestral condition for crustaceans?

A

Appendages to be biramous , many taxa have some uniramous appendages however.

65
Q

Nautilus larvae

A

Planktonic larvae with three pairs of appendages which will develop into antennules, antennae and mandibles.

66
Q

Isopod vs amiphipod body

A

Amphipods are flattened laterally while isopods are dorsoventrally flattened.

67
Q

Where does the name decapod come from?

A

Decapod refers to the five pairs of pereopods (walking legs) present. In some species the most anterior pair are modified into chelipeds (claws).

68
Q

Statocyst form and function

A

Statocysts can be found at the base of each antennule and senses the bodies position relative to gravity allowing it to orient and navigate.

69
Q

Branchial chamber form and function

A

Formed from the fused tergites of the carapace.

Provides a protective space for the gills.

70
Q

Which appendages are associated with gills?

A

2nd and 3rd maxillipeds and the pereopods.

71
Q

What provides the circulation of water through the branchial chamber?

A

Vibrations of the gill bailer on the 2nd maxilla.

72
Q

Path of water through Astacus

A

Water enters the branchial chamber through the base of the pereopods and passes anteriorly over the gills, exiting via the gill bailer .

73
Q

Where are the green glands and what is their function?

A

Green glands produce urine and are found ventral of the antennae.

74
Q

Path of food in crayfish

A

Once ingested food passes through the esophagus into the cardiac stomach. In the cardiacs stomach the gastric mill and ossicles are used for mechanical digestion. Next food moves into the pyloric stomach here the digestive glands create enzymes to chemically digest food.

75
Q

Where are the gill raker and gill bailer found?

A

The gill raker is on the 1st maxilliped

The gill bailer is on the 2nd maxilla

76
Q

What is the order of appendages on Astacus?

A

Antennule (shorter)
Antenna
Mandible
1st and 2nd maxilla
1st, 2nd and 3rd maxillipeds
Cheliped
4 pereopods
5 pleopods
Uropods

77
Q

Name the taxa under the phylum echinodermata

A

Asteroidea - sea stars
Echinoidea - Sea urchins and dollars
Crinoidea - Sea Lillie’s and feather stars
Ophiuroidea - Basket and brittle stars
Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers

78
Q

Symmetry of echinoderms

A

The adults have pentaradial symmetry while the larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

79
Q

What are the regions which have tube feet referred to as? Without tube feet?

A

Regions with are ambulacral and regions without are interambulacral.

80
Q

Echinoderm skeleton

A

Echinoderms have an endoskeleton that arises from the mesoderm.

It is composed of ossicles which are calcareous.

81
Q

Pedicellariae

A

Tiny jaw-like pincers located on the surface of the body.

82
Q

Body cavity of echinoderms?

A

Echinoderms have a coelom which is lined with peritoneum.

The peritoneum has cilia that pump the coelomic fluid around the coelom.

83
Q

What structure regulates water intake into the water vascular system?

A

The madreporite.

Lies within the body of holothuroids.

84
Q

What connects the madreporite to the ring canal?

A

The stone canal

85
Q

What structure act as reservoirs that control the overall pressure within thee water vascular system?

A

Podían vesicles.

86
Q

What is the function of radial canals?

A

Radial canals extend from the ring canal and is linked to tube feet through tiny lateral canal links.

87
Q

What generates a water current in the water vascular system?

A

Cilia

88
Q

How do sea stars exchange gases?

A

Using papulae and tube feet

89
Q

What are papulae?

A

Pouches of coelom that extend through the body wall into the water.

Made of an inside layer of peritoneum and a thin outer layer of epidermis allows gases to easily diffuse.

90
Q

How do sea stars eat>

A

The mouth connects to a short esophagus which opens into the cardiac stomach. The cardiac stomach is everted and spreads out over prey. The cardiac stomach is connected to the pyloric stomach which receives ducts from the pyloric caeca which produce enzymes.

91
Q

How do sea stars reproduce?

A

Using broadcast fertilization. They release hungers of thousands of eggs into the ocean which are fertilized externally.

92
Q

Sea star larva

A

The bipinarria larva is a feeding planktonic stage and the bachiolaria larva is the settling stage.

93
Q

Podium vs ampulla of tube feet

A

The podium is the region that is located outside the body wall.

94
Q

Axial organ

A

Dark structure attached to the stone canal.

95
Q

Larva of urchins

A

Echinopluteus larvae, planktonic.

96
Q

Path of food in sea urchins

A

Buccal cavity inside aristotles lantern, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.

97
Q

What is the structure and function of the siphon (
Sea urchin)

A

Thin dark tube on the aboral side of the small intestine. Transports ingested water from the buccal cavity to the large intestine.

Does this to not dilute the digestive enzymes in the small intestine.

98
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Secondarily lost anus, tube feet dont have suckers.

99
Q

Retractable ring of tentacles that is extended into the water during feeding:

A

Introvert

100
Q

Where do indigestible wastes go in sea cucumbers?

A

Into the cloaca then out the anus.

Biology (14 decks)

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