MICROBIO 2 Flashcards
1
Q
most common shapes of bacteria
A
cocci, bacilli, spiro/spiral
2
Q
spherical bacterial cells
A
cocci/coccus
3
Q
cocci divides and remain together to form pairs
A
diplococci/diplococcus
4
Q
Long chains of cocci result when cells adhere after repeated divisions in one plane; this pattern is seen in the genera
A
Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus
5
Q
divides in random planes to generate irregular grapelike clumps
A
Staphylococcus
6
Q
often divide in two planes to form square groups of four cells called tetrads
A
Micrococcus
7
Q
cocci divide in three planes producing cubical packets of eight cells.
A
Sarcina
8
Q
rod shaped bacteria
A
bacillus/bacilli
9
Q
so short and wide that they resemble cocci.
A
coccobacilli
10
Q
are curved to form distinctive commas or incomplete spirals
A
vibrios
11
Q
characteristically form long multinucleate filaments or hyphae that
may branch to produce a network called a mycelium
A
Actinomycetes
12
Q
Actinomycetes characteristically form long multinucleate filaments or hyphae that
may branch to produce a network called a _____
A
mycelium
13
Q
shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called ______if rigid and _____
A
spirilla, spirochetes
14
Q
oval- to pear-shaped, produces a bud at the end of a long hypha
A
Hyphomicrobium
15
Q
produce nonliving stalks
A
Gallionella
16
Q
some bacteria are variable in shape and lack a
single, characteristic
A
pleomorphic
17
Q
used for locomotion
A
flagella
18
Q
have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane, appear blue or purple after Gram staining
A
gram-positive bacteria
19
Q
an amphipathic phospholipid often found in
bacterial membranes.
A
Phosphatidylethanolamine,
20
Q
are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
A
Gram-negative bacteria
21
Q
Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical
boundary of cell, nutrient and waste
transport, location of many metabolic
processes (respiration, photosynthesis),
detection of environmental cues for
chemotaxis
A
plasma membrane
22
Q
Buoyancy for floating in aquatic
environments
A
gas vacuole
23
Q
protein synthesis
A
ribosomes
24
Q
storage of carbon, phosphate and other and other substances
A
inclusion bodies
25
localization of genetic material (DNA)
nucleoid
26
Buoyancy for floating in aquatic
environments
periplasmic space
27
Gives bacteria shape and protection from
lysis in dilute solutions
cell wall
28
Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to
surfaces
capsules and slime layers
29
Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating
fimbriae, pili
30
Survival under harsh environmental
conditions
endospore
31
The polar ends interact with water and are
________
hydrophilic
32
the nonpolar ________ends are insoluble in water and tend to associate with one another
hydrophobic
33
_______ are synthesized from the same precursors as steroids.
Hopanoids
34
many bacterial membranes do contain pentacyclic sterol-like molecules
called _____________
hopanoids
35
The most widely accepted current model for membrane structure is the____________ of S. Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicholson (figure 3.7)
fluid mosaic model
36
______________are loosely connected to the membrane and can be easily removed.
Peripheral proteins
37
_______________, like membrane lipids, are amphipathic; their hydrophobic regions are buried in the lipid while the hydrophilic portions project from the membrane surface
Integral proteins
38
are invaginations of the plasma membrane in the shape of vesicles, tubules, or
lamellae
Mesosomes
39
granules of organic or inorganic material that often are clearly visible in a light microscope, is present in the cytoplasmic matrix
inclusion bodies
40
is a polymer of glucose units
composed of long chains formed by a(1→4) glycosidic bonds and branching chains connected to them by a(1→6) glycosidic
bonds .
Glycogen
41
contains B-hydroxybutyrate molecules joined by ester bonds between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of adjacent molecules.
Poly-B -hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
42
Cyanobacteria have two distinctive organic inclusion bodies
CYANOPHYCIN GRANULES, CARBOXYSOMES
43
are composed of large polypeptides containing approximately equal amounts of the amino acids arginine and aspartic acid
Cyanophycin granules
44
present in many
cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli.
Carboxysomes
45
Gas vacuoles are aggregates of enormous numbers of small, hollow, cylindrical structures called
gas vesicles
46
_____________ or murein is an enormous polymer composed of many identical subunits.
Peptidoglycan
47
homogeneous cell wall of ____________ is composed primarily of peptidoglycan
gram-positive bacteria
48
The most abundant membrane protein is __________, a small lipoprotein covalently joined to the underlying peptidoglycan and embedded in the outer membrane by its hydrophobic end.
Braun’s lipoprotein
49
When the layer is well organized and not easily washed off
capsule
50
_________ is a zone of diffuse, unorganized
material that is removed easily
slime layer
51
____________ is a network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of bacteria and other cells (in this sense it could encompass both capsules and slime layers).
glycocalyx
52
Many gram-negative bacteria have short, fine, hairlike appendages that are thinner than flagella and not involved in motility.
fimbriae
53
They are genetically determined by sex factors or conjugative plasmids and
are required for bacterial mating
sex pili
54
The spore often is surrounded by a thin, delicate covering called the
exosporium
55
it lies beneath the exosporium, is composed of several protein layers, and may be fairly thick. It is impermeable and responsible for the spore’s resistance to chemicals
spore coat
56
it occupies as much as half the
spore volume, rests beneath the spore coat. It is made of a peptidoglycan that is less cross-linked than that in vegetative cells.
cortex
57
is inside the cortex and surrounds the protoplast or core
spore cell wall (or core wall)
58
function as storage reservoirs for phosphate, an important
component of cell constituents such as nucleic acids.
volutin granules
59
energy source in reaction, they appear red or a different shade of blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue
metachromatic granules
60
This is the unit of the sedimentation coefficient, a
measure of the sedimentation velocity in a centrifuge; the faster
a particle travels when centrifuged,
Svedberg unit
61
are layered or stratified rocks,
often domed, that are formed by incorporation of mineral sediments into microbial mats
Stromatolites
62
3 primary domains
bacteria, archaea, eucarya
63
The procaryotic
chromosome is located in an irregularly shaped region called
nucleoid
64
bacteria that have more than one chromosome
vibrio cholerae
65
cytoplasm shrivels up and pulls away from the cell wall.
plasmolysis
66
it attacks peptidoglycan by hydrolyzing the bond that connects N-acetylmuramic acid with carbon four of N-acetylglucosamine
lysozyme
67
Eucaryotic organisms with primarily glycerol fatty acyl diester membrane lipids and eucaryotic rRNA belong to the
Eucarya
68
domain ___________ contains procaryotic cells with bacterial rRNA and membrane lipids that are primarily diacyl glycerol diesters.
Bacteria
69
are layered or stratified rocks,
often domed, that are formed by incorporation of mineral sediments into microbial mats
Stromatolites
70
3 primary groups
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
71
Eucaryotic organisms with primarily glycerol fatty
acyl diester membrane lipids and eucaryotic rRNA belong to the
Eucarya
72
contains procaryotic cells with
bacterial rRNA and membrane lipids that are primarily diacyl
glycerol diesters.
Bacteria
73
Procaryotes having isoprenoid glycerol diether
or diglycerol tetraether lipids in their membranes and archaeal rRNA compose the third domain,
archaea
74
A__________ is a population of organisms that is
distinguishable from at least some other populations within a particular taxonomic category
strain
75
One strain of a species is designated
as the
type strain
76
The development of computers has made possible the quantitative approach known as
numerical taxonomy
77
Organisms with great
similarity are grouped together and separated from dissimilar organisms such groups of organisms are called
phenons/phenoms
77
The simple matching coefficients, or other association coefficients, are then arranged to form a
similarity matrix.
78
, most of the ________ that have
been isolated are extremely thermophilic, and many are acidophiles and sulfur dependent
crenarchaeotes
79
they grow best at acid pH values and high temperatures.
thermoacidophiles
80
______________are strict anaerobes that obtain energy by converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol, acetate, and other compounds to
either methane or methane and CO2.
Methanogens
81
ability to produce methane anaerobically
methanogens
82
thrive in anaerobic environments rich in organic
matter: the rumen and intestinal system of animals, freshwater and
marine sediments, swamps and marshes, hot springs, anaerobic
sludge digesters, and even within anaerobic protozoa.
Methanogens
83
They are aerobic
chemoheterotrophs with respiratory metabolism and require
complex nutrients, usually proteins and amino acids, for growth.
extreme halophiles or halobacteria
84
distinguishing trait of this family is its ab solute dependence on a high concentration of NaCl
halophiles/halobacteria
85
one flagellum
monotrichous
86
one flagellum on each pole
amphitrichous
87
cluster of flagella at one or both sides
lophotrichous
88
Flagella are
spread fairly evenly over the whole surface
peritrichous
89
are thermoacidophiles
that lack cell walls.
Thermoplasmata
90
grows in refuse piles of coal mines
Thermoplasma
91
The phylum _________, which is thought to represent the deepest
or oldest branch of bacteria, contains one class, one order, and
five genera.
Aquificae
92
are both thermophilic chemolithoautotrophs, it has been suggested that the bacterial ancestor was
probably thermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic
Aquifex
and Hydrogenobacter
93
is an autotroph and generates energy by oxidizing donors such as hydrogen, thiosulfate, and sulfur with oxygen as the acceptor
Aquifex
94
3 groups of photosynthetic bacteria
the purple bacteria, the green bacteria, and the cyanobacteria
95
They use water as an electron donor and generate oxygen during photosynthesis.
oxygenic
photosynthesis
96
they are unable to
use water as an electron source, they employ reduced molecules
such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, hydrogen, and organic matter as
their electron source for the generation of NADH and NADPH
anoxygenic photosynthesis
97
major representative of
the photosynthetic green nonsulfur bacteria.
chloroflexus
98
a filamentous, gliding, thermophilic bacterium that often is isolated from
neutral to alkaline hot springs where it grows in the form of
orange-reddish mats, usually in association with cyanobacteria.
chloroflexus
99
, links the filament to its basal body and acts as a flexible coupling
hook
100
Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is known as
chemotaxis.
101
a small group of obligately anaerobic photolithoautotrophs that use hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and hydrogen as electron sources
green sulfur
bacteria
102
Their photosynthetic pigments are located in ellipsoidal vesicles called
chlorosomes
103
the largest and most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria.
cyanobacteria
104
, their photosynthetic system closely resembles that of the eucaryotes because they have chlorophyll a and photosystem
II, and carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
105
Photo synthetic pigments and electron transport chain components are located in thylakoid membranes lined with particles called
phycobilisomes
106
A___________ is a row of bacterial cells that are in close contact
with one another over a large are
trichome
107
Fragmentation of filamentous cyanobacteria can generate small, motile filaments called
hormogonia
108
specialized, dormant, thick-walled
resting cells that are resistant to desiccation. Often these germinate to form new filaments.
akinetes
109
are so pollution resistant and characteristic of
freshwater with high organic matter content that they are used
as water pollution indicators. (cyanobacteria)
Oscillatoria
110
surface cyanobacteria, can reproduce rapidly to form blooms
Anacystis and Anabaena
111
Members of the phylum are spherical or oval, budding bacteria that lack peptidoglycan and have distinctive crateriform structures or pits in their walls
phylum Planctomycetes
112
attaches to surfaces through a stalk and holdfast; the
other genera in the order lack stalks.
Planctomyces
113
with the rickettsias because both gram-negative groups are obligately intracellular parasites: they grow and reproduce only within host cells.
Phylum Chlamydiae
114
causes
psittacosis in humans.
chlamydia psittaci
115
common cause of human pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumoniae
116
infects
humans and mice. In humans it causes trachoma, nongonococcal
urethritis, and other diseases
chlamydia trachomatis
117
contains gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria distinguished by their structure and mechanism of motility. They are
slender, long bacteria with a flexible, helical shape
Phylum Spirochaetes
118
When in contact with a solid surface, they exhibit creeping or crawling movements. Their unique pattern of motility is due
to an unusual morphological structure called the axial filament
Phylum Spirochaetes
119
The class ______ contains anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, motile or nonmotile rods of various shapes.
Bacteroides
120
These
bacteria are chemoheterotrophic and usually produce a mixture of
organic acids as fermentation end products, but they do not reduce
sulfate or other sulfur compounds.
Bacteroides
121
a particularly common anaerobic pathogen found in abdominal, pelvic, pulmonary, and blood infections.
Bacteroides fragilis
122
sometimes called the purple bacteria because of the purple photosynthetic bacteria scattered through several
of its subgroups.
proteobacteria
123
the phylum Proteobacteria, which has five classes:
Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria,
Deltaproteobacteria, and Epsilonproteobacteria.
124
include most of the oligotrophic proteobacteria (those capable of growing at low nutrient levels).
alpha-proteobacteria
125
are exceptionally flexible in
their choice of an energy source. Normally they grow anaerobically
as photoorganoheterotrophs; they trap light energy and employ organic molecules as both electron and carbon sources
purple nonsulfur bacteria
126
These bacteria are rod-shaped, coccoid, or pleomorphic with
typical gram-negative walls and no flagella. Although their size
varies, they tend to be very small.
Rickettsia and Coxiella
127
They lack the glycolytic pathway
and do not use glucose as an energy source, but rather oxidize glutamate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates such as succinate.
Rickettsias
128
is an extension of the cell, including
the plasma membrane and cell wall, that is narrower than the mature
cell.
prostheca (pl., prosthecae)
129
is a nonliving appendage produced by the cell and extending from it
stalk
130
The bud first appears as a small protrusion at a single point and enlarges
to form a mature cell
binary fission
131
are usually isolated from freshwater and marine habitats with low nutrient levels, but they also are present in the soil.
Caulobacters
132
all are aerobic, gram-negative organisms without endospores and
able to oxidize either ammonia or nitrite, they differ considerably
in other properties
nitrifying bacteria
133
occurs rapidly in soils treated with fertilizers containing ammonium salts, in which ammonia is converted to nitrate
Nitrification
134
The ________________ overlap the alpha-proteobacteria metabolically
but tend to use substances that diffuse from organic decomposition
in the anaerobic zone of habitats
beta-proteobacteria
135
Members of this genus are
nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative cocci that most often occur in
pairs with adjacent sides flattened
Neisseria
136
Members of the genus _________
are gram-negative, aerobic, nonfermentative, non–spore-forming,
mesophilic straight rods.
Burkholderia
137
a hollow tubelike structure surrounding a chain of
cells.
sheath
138
prefers slowly running freshwater polluted with sewage or industrial waste. It grows so well in activated
sewage sludge that it sometimes forms tangled masses of filaments and interferes with the proper settling of sludge
Sphaerotilus
139
_________characteristically deposits large amounts of
iron and manganese oxides in its sheath. This seems to protect it and allow it to grow in the presence of high concentrations of soluble iron compounds.
Leptothrix
140
A number of chemolithotrophs are found in the order _______
Nitrosomonadales
141
one of the best-studied
chemolithotrophs and most prominent of the colorless sulfur bacteria
thiobacillus
142
grows in soil and aquatic habitats, both freshwater and marine.
thiobacillus
143
constitute the largest subgroup of proteobacteria with an extraordinary variety of physiological types
gamma-proteobacteria
144
are strict anaerobes and usually
photolithoautotrophs. They oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and deposit it internally as sulfur granules
purple sulfur bacteria
145
oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfur
and deposit it internally as sulfur granules
purple sulfur bacteria
146
where purple sulfur bacteria is found
bogs and lagoon
147
microaerophilic and grows in sulfide-rich habitats such as sulfur springs, freshwater with decaying plant material, rice paddies, salt marshes, and marine sediments
beggiatoa
148
aerobic chemoorganotroph
that forms long filaments or trichomes up to 400 m long
leucothrix
149
forms
sheathed filaments and releases gonidia from the open end of the sheath
thiothrix
150
contains rods, vibrios, and cocci
that use methane, methanol, and other reduced one-carbon compounds as their sole carbon and energy sources under aerobic or
microaerobic (low oxygen) conditions.
methylococcales
151
These chemoheterotrophs are aerobic and carry out respiratory metabolism with O2 (and sometimes nitrate) as the electron acceptor.
pseudomonadales
152
contains large, ovoid bacteria, 1.5 to 2.0 m
in diameter, that may be motile by peritrichous flagella.
azotobacter
153
pleomorphic, ranging from rods to coccoid shapes, and
form cysts as the culture ages
azotobacter
154
gram-negative,
straight or curved rods with polar flagella
vibrionales
155
causative agent of cholera
vibrio cholerae
156
causes gastroenteritis in humans
following consumption of contaminated seafood
vibrio parahaemolyticus
157
responsible for fish diseases
vibrio anguillarum
158
produce large amounts of gas during sugar fermentation
enterobacteria
159
, they
are small (0.2 to 0.3 m in diameter) and nonmotile, normally oxidase positive, have complex nutritional requirements of various
kinds, and are parasitic in vertebrates.
pasteurellales
160
best
known for the diseases they cause in humans and many animals.
Pasteurellales
161
not a large assemblage of
genera, they show considerable morphological and physiological
diversity.
Deltaproteobacteria
162
These bacteria are very important in the cycling of sulfur within the ecosystem.
Deltaproteobacteria
163
most prevalent in anaerobic marine and estuarine sediments. It
also can be isolated from methane digesters and anaerobic
hydrogen-sulfide rich muds of freshwater habitats
Desulfuromonas
164
uses elemental sulfur, but not sulfate, as its electron acceptor.
Desulfuromonas
165
contains aerobic gram-negative, curved rods with polar flagella
Bdellovibrio
166
gram-negative, aerobic soil bacteria characterized by gliding motility, a complex life cycle with the production of fruiting bodies, and the formation of dormant myxospores.
myxobacteria/Myxococcales
167
preys on other gram-negative bacteria and alternates
between a nongrowing predatory phase and an intracellular reproductive phase.
Bdellovibrio
168
enable myxobacteria to survive long periods of dryness
and nutrient deprivation
myxospores
169
smallest of the five proteobacterial
classes. They all are slender gram-negative rods, which can be
straight, curved, or helical
epsilonproteobacteria
170
reproductive disease and abortions in cattle and sheep
campylobacter fetus
171
septicemia (pathogens or their toxins in the blood) to enteritis (inflammation of the intestinal tract)
campylobacter fetus
172
causes abortion in
sheep and enteritis diarrhea in humans.
campylobacter jejuni
173
isolated
from the stomachs and upper intestines of humans, dogs, cats, and
other mammals
helicobacter
174
which is the cause
of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Helicobacter pylori
175
produces large quantities of urease, and urea hydrolysis appears
to be associated with its virulence.
Helicobacter pylori
176
mycoplasmas.
Mollicutes
177
These bacteria lack cell walls and cannot synthesize
peptidoglycan precursors
Mollicutes
178
they are penicillin resistant but susceptible to lysis by osmotic shock and detergent treatment.
Mollicutes
179
cause several major diseases in livestock
Mycoplasmas
180
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle
(M. mycoides)
181
chronic respiratory disease in chickens
(M. gallisepticum)
182
pneumonia in swine
(M. hyopneumoniae)
183
causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans,
M. pneumoniae
184
It includes obligately
anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that form endospores and do
not carry out dissimilatory sulfate reduction.
clostridium
185
causative agent of botulism
Clostridium botulinum
186
the causative
agent of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
187
gas gangrene and food poisoning
Clostridium perfringens
188
used to manufacture butanol in some countries.
Clostridium acetobutylicum
189
an anaerobic,
endospore-forming genus that reduces sulfate and sulfite to hydrogen sulfide during anaerobic respiration
Desulfotomaculum
190
unusual anaerobic
photosynthetic bacteria characterized by the presence of bacteriochlorophyll g.
helicobacter
191
contains anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic cocci ranging in diameter
Veillonellaceae
192
well adapted to the oral environment because it can use the
lactic acid produced from carbohydrates by the streptococci and
other oral bacteria
Veillonellaceae
193
The genus contains
gram-positive, endospore-forming, chemoheterotrophic rods that
are usually motile and peritrichously flagellated
Bacillus,
194
acidophilic, sporing, gram-positive or gram-variable rods
that have w-alicyclic fatty acids with 6- or 7-carbon rings in their
membranes.
Alicyclobacillus
195
This genus contains grampositive rods from rRNA group 3 that are facultative, motile by
peritrichous flagella, have ellipsoidal endospores and swollen sporangia, produce acid and sometimes gas from glucose and various
sugars, and have a G C content of 40 to 54%
Paenibacillus
196
causes some forms of food poisoning and can infect humans.
Bacillus cereus
197
the causative agent of the disease anthrax, which can affect both farm animals and humans
Bacillus anthracis
198
are true endospores and very heat resistant; they can survive at 90°C for 30 minutes
Thermoactinomyces
spores
199
a causative agent of farmer’s
lung, an allergic disease of the respiratory system in agricultural
workers.
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
200
. Members
of this genus are facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, gram-positive cocci that usually form irregular clusters
Staphylococcus uwu
201
a common skin resident that is sometimes responsible for endocarditis and infections of patients with lowered resistance
Staphylococcus epidermidis
202
most important human staphylococcal pathogen and causes boils, abscesses, wound infections,
pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and other diseases.
Staphylococcus aureus
203
The genus contains short rods that are
aerobic or facultative, catalase positive, and motile by peritrichous flagella
listeriaceae
204
a pathogen of humans and other animals and causes listeriosis, an important food
infection
Listeria monocytogenes
205
produce lactic acid as
their major or sole fermentation product and are sometimes collectively called lactic acid bacteria.
Lactobacillales
206
contains nonsporing rods and sometimes coccobacilli that lack catalase and cytochromes, are usually
facultative or microaerophilic, produce lactic acid as their main
or sole fermentation product, and have complex nutritional requirements
Lactobacillus
207
contains facultative
gram-positive cocci, which may be elongated or elliptical and
arranged in pairs or chains
Leuconostoc
208
wh facultatively anaerobic and catalase negative
Streptococcus,
209
streptococcal sore throat, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever)
Streptococcus pyogenes
210
opportunistic pathogen that can cause urinary
tract infections and endocarditis.
Entrococcus faecalis
211
associated with the formation of dental caries
Streptococcus mutans
212
widely used in the production of buttermilk
Lactococcus lactis
213
a tissuelike mass results
and may be called a
thallus
214
Many actinomycetes also have an aerial mycelium that extends above the substratum and forms asexual,
thin-walled spores called
conidia or conidiospores
215
are straight or slightly
curved rods that vary in shape and slender filaments
with true branching
Actinomyces
216
causes lumpy jaw in cattle
Actinomyces bovis
217
is responsible for actinomycoses, ocular infections, and
periodontal disease in humans.
Actinomyces
218
contains aerobic, catalase-positive
cocci that occur mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters and
are usually nonmotile
Micrococcus
219
often are yellow,
orange, or red in color. They are widespread in soil, water, and on
mammalian skin; the last habitat may be their normal one.
Micrococcus
220
contains aerobic, catalase-positive
rods with respiratory metabolism and lysine in its peptidoglycan
Arthrobacter
221
forms packets of motile spores
with tufts of flagella, but it is a facultative anaerobe and a parasite of
mammals responsible for the skin infection streptothrichosis.
Dermatophilus
222
, which contains aerobic and facultative, catalase positive, straight to slightly curved rods, often with tapered ends.
Club-shaped forms are also seen.
Corynebacteriaceae
223
The bacteria often remain partially attached after snapping division, resulting in angular
arrangements of the cells, somewhat like Chinese letters, or a palisade arrangement in which rows of cells are lined up side by side
, Corynebacterium
224
causative agent of diphtheria in humans
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
225
composed of slightly curved or straight rods that
sometimes branch or form filaments
Mycobacterium,
226
These are complex fatty acids with
a hydroxyl group on the -carbon and an aliphatic chain attached
to the alpha-carbon
mycolic acids
227
causes tuberculosis in cattle, other ruminants, and primates.
Mycobacterium bovis
228
chief source of tuberculosis in humans
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
229
major mycobacterial human disease is leprosy, caused by
Mycobacterium leprae
230
These
bacteria develop a substrate mycelium that readily breaks into
rods and coccoid elements
nocardioforms.
231
____________are involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons and waxes and can contribute to the biodeterioration
of rubber joints in water and sewage pipes.
Nocardiae
232
opportunistic pathogens that cause nocardiosis in humans and
other animals.
Nocardiae asteriodes
233
Rhodococcus also is widely distributed in soils and aquatic habitats. It is of considerable interest because members of the genus can degrade an enormous variety of molecules such as petroleum hydrocarbons, detergents, benzene, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and various pesticides
Rhodococcus
234
forms club-shaped, fingerlike, or pyriform sporangia with one to six spores
Dactylosporangium
235
bears single spores, which often occur in branched clusters of sporophores
Micromonospora
236
grows in
association with keratin
Pilmelia
237
actively degrades chitin
and cellulose, and it can produce antibiotics such as gentamicin.
Micromonospora
238
The genus contains pleomorphic, nonmotile, nonsporing rods that are often club-shaped with one end
tapered and the other end rounded
Propionibacteriaceae
239
Propionibacteriaceae
Propionibacterium
240
genera whose aerial hyphae divide in a single plane to form chains of 3 to 50 or more nonmotile conidiospores with surface texture ranging from smooth to spiny and
warty
Streptomyces
241
. Members of the genus are strict aerobes, are wall type I, and form chains of nonmotile spores within a thin, fibrous sheath
Streptomyces
242
causes scab
disease in potatoes and beets
Streptomyces scabies
243
only streptomycete known to be pathogenic for human
Streptomyces somaliensis
243
are eucaryotes with unicellular organization, either in the form of solitary cells or colonies of cells
lacking true tissues.
protistsa
244
genus in the family, has an aerial mycelium with a whorl of three to six short branches that are
produced at fairly regular intervals.
Streptoverticillium,
245
All genera of the
__________ have type III cell walls and the sugar derivative
madurose
maduromycetes
246
has motile spores and is an
aerobic soil organism.
Geodermatophilus
247
forms nonmotile sporangiospores in a sporogenous bod
Frankia
248
is thought to be a major cause of bacterial vaginitis
Gardnerella
249
are nonmotile, nonsporing, gram-positive rods of varied
shapes that are slightly curved and clubbed; often they are branched
BIFIDOBACTERIA
250
251
results of numerical taxonomic analysis are often summarized with a treelike diagram
dendrogram
