bacteria Flashcards
mabuhi
1
Q
●found in Hot springs and other hot aquatic habitats rich in sulfur.
●long thin rod, bent or branched
●Thermoacidophiles
●anaerobic metabolism
●lithotrophic on sulfur and hydrogen
●organotrophic on sugars, amino acids, alcohols, and organic acids using elemental sulfur as electron acceptor.
●autotrophic using CO or CO2 as carbon source
A
Thermoproteus
2
Q
●found on deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
●flat, irregular disk-shaped
●temperature minimum 82°C
●growth optimum at 105°C, maximum at 110°C
●organotrophic and lithotrophic on Sulfur and H2
A
Pyrodictium
3
Q
●found on volcanic Hot Springs or Sulfur-Rich Environments
●irregularly lobed, spherical shaped
●cell walls contain lipoproteins and carbohydrates
●thermoacidophiles
●metabolism
●lithotrophic on sulfur using oxygen (usually) or ferric iron as electron acceptor
●organotrophic on sugars and amino acids
A
Sulfolobus
4
Q
●anaerobic environments (swamps, hot springs, intestines of various animals, including humans, rice fields, peat bogs and sewage digesters)
●thin, rod-like shape
●Cell wall contains pseudomurein
●Thermophilic but not thermoacidophiles
●Metabolism
●Strict anaerobes (cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments)
●Methanogenic
●Autotrophic when growing on H₂ and CO₂, converting them into methane.
A
Methanobacterium
5
Q
●Found deep in the ocean, swamps, and marshes
●Spherical or coccoid shaped
●cell wall mainly contains proteins, and lacks polysaccharides.
●Strict anaerobes
●Thermophilic
●Methanogenic
●Strict autotroph
A
Methanococcus
6
Q
thrives at extremely high temperatures (hyperthermophilic) and can grow by utilizing carbohydrates and peptides.
are coccoid (spherical) with diameters ranging between 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers.
A
Pyrococcus
7
Q
a representative of thermoproteus
A
Thermoproteus tenax
8
Q
a representative of pyrodictium
A
Pyrodictium abyssi
Pyrodictium occultum
`
9
Q
a representative of sulfolobus
A
: Sulfolobus brierleyi
10
Q
representative of methanobacterium
A
Methanobacterium bryantii
Methanobacterium formicicum
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
11
Q
a representative of methanococcus
A
Methanococcus villosus
Methanococcus jannaschii
12
Q
a representative of pyrococcus
A
Pyrococcus furiosus
P. abyssi
P. horikoshii
13
Q
thermophilic and found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, oil fields, and hot springs, usually between 60°C to 90°C.
Irregular cocci (spherical).
only known sulfate-reducing archaea, reducing sulfate to sulfide in its metabolism.
A
Archaeoglobus
14
Q
representative of archaeoglobus
A
Archaeglobus fulgidus
A. veneficus
A. profundus
15
Q
lives in extremely hot environments, particularly hydrothermal vents, at temperatures around 80°C to 122°C.
Rod-shaped (bacilli).
produce methane
A
methanopyrus
16
Q
representative of methanopyrus
A
Methanopyrus kandleri
17
Q
are hyperthermophilic
bacteria found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents at temperatures ranging from 85°C to 95°C.
rod shaped
the most primitive and deeply rooted bacterial lineages, showing adaptations to extremely hot environments.
A
aquifex
18
Q
representative of aquifex
A
Aquifex aeolicus
Aquifex pyrophilus
19
Q
thermophilic bacteria found in hot springs, geothermal soil, and volcanic vents, typically around 70°C to 80°C.
earliest evolving bacteria and
thrive in hot, alkaline environments.
A
Hydrogenobacter
20
Q
represantative of hydrogenobacter
A
Hydrogenobacter thermophilus
Hydrogenobacter subterraneus
21
Q
Found in marine hydrothermal vents and other geothermally active regions.
●Thermophilic
●Rod-shaped (bacilli), Sheath-like structure (“toga-like” appearance)
●Gram-negative
●Anaerobic
●Heterotrophic
●Asexually (binary fussion)
A
Thermotoga
22
Q
representative of thermotoga
A
Thermotoga maritima
23
Q
representative of geotoga
A
Geotoga petraea
24
Q
Is commonly found in subsurface petroleum reservoirs. It also thrives in deep subsurface environments, such as geothermal areas and hot springs.
●Rod-shaped (bacilli), Sheath-like structure (“toga-like” appearance)
A
Geotoga
25
●Thermophilic
●Chemolithoautotrophic
●Anaerobic
●Sulfate Reduction
●Rod-shape like
●Gram-negative
●Its cell wall composition includes unique lipids and Proteins.
●Geothermal Environments
●Sediments
Thermodesulfobacterium
26
representative of thermodesulfobacterium
Thermodesulfatator indicus
27
●Arsenic-Rich Environments
●Marine and Freshwater Habitats
●Strictly Anaerobic; Arsenate Reduction and Energy Production
●Rod-shape
●Gram-negative
●Versatile Respiration
●Anaerobic
Chrysogenes
28
representative of chrysiogenes
Chrysiogenes arsenatis
29
extreme and diverse environments due to
their remarkable resilience to various
environmental stresses.
●cocci (spherical) shape
●Aerobic Heterotrophs; Organotrophs
●Extremophiles
●Produce pigments, such as carotenoids.
●Gram positive
Deinococcus
30
representative of deinococcus
Deinococcus radiodurans
31
●thermophilic environments, low oxygen environments
●filamentous shape, gram-negative, capable of anoxygenic Photosynthesis, can perform respiration and fermentation without light
●contains bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids
●primary producer, stabilization of microbial mats ,and enzyme production.
Chloroflexus
32
representative of chloroflexus
Chloroflexus auranticus
33
●predaratory bacterium, chemoheterotrophic
Herpetosiphon
34
representative herpetosiphon
Herpetosiphon aurantiacus
35
●thermophilic environments
●rod shaped (bacillus), gram-negative bacterium
●chemoorganotrophic
●helps in breaking down organic matter in hot environments, nutrient cycling
Thermomicrobium
36
●aquatic environments, soils
●spiral-shaped, thin and elongated,
●gram-negative bacterium
●nitride-oxidizing,
nitrification in ecosystems, wastewater treatment
Nitrospira
37
representative of nitrospira
Nitrospira moscoviensis
38
●found in anaerobic environments such as wetlands
●and also in environments rich in metals
●rode-shaped (bacillus), motile, and a gram-negative bacterium
●metal reduction, metal cycling (iron and
●manganese), and bioremediation
Geovibrio
39
●Filamentous or rod-shaped
●gram-positive, aerobic, and non-acid-fast
●thermophilic
●chemoorganotrophic
●typically found in soil and compost
●non-pathogenic
Thermomonospora
40
●Spherical to ovoid
●Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, instead their cell walls are stabilized by a protein sacculus with disulfide bonds
●Reproduce by budding
●Found in freshwater, saltwater, and even extreme environments like acid bogs and hypersaline lakes
●Some species are capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)
●Some are opportunistic pathogens – microorganisms that normally do not cause disease in a healthy host but can cause infections when the host’s immune system is compromised or when they gain access to normally sterile parts of the body
Planctomyces
41
●Spherical to ovoid gram-negative bacteria
●includes a DNA-containing region separated from the rest of the cell by two nuclear membranes
●reproduce by budding
●found in freshwater environments
●aerobic chemoheterotrophs
●Non-pathogenic
Gemmata
42
●gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped anaerobic
●bacteria
●known for their probiotic properties; support gut health and treat conditions like diarrhea, constipation, eczema
●found in the gastrointestinal tract, but some can also be found in the mouth and vagina
●possess a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase pathway to ferment carbohydrates
Non-pathogenic
Bifidobacterium
43
Milk product for infants in the Philippines
with Bifidobacterium:
Nestlé NAN Optipro HW One
44
Rod-shaped
●gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacilli
●known for their high concentrations of sphingophospholipids in their cell membranes
●do not have flagella and form smooth, convex, slightly yellowish colonies
●found in soil, water, and compost
●have industrial applications such as the degradation and conversion of biomolecules
●Although generally non-pathogenic, it can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. Cases of Bacteremia and cellulitis have been reported.
This strain is also known for its intrinsic resistance to many common antibiotics, which could complicate treatment
Sphingobacterium
45
46
●Found in virtually every environment on Earth, from soil and water to extreme environments like hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the human body.
●Gram-positive bacteria
●rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, and anaerobic
●Chemoorganotrophs
●Rigid cell wall
Eubacterium
47
●Found in environments where sulfate is present and oxygen is absent
●Gram-positive
●anaerobic bacteria
●sulfate-reducing bacteria
●Rod shaped
●cell wall
●Importance
●Plays role in the sulfur cycle by reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide in anaerobic environments.
●In wastewater treatment, D. nigrificans can help manage sulfate levels by reducing sulfate to sulfide.
Desulfotomaculum
48
●Found in hot springs, wetlands and bogs
●Photoheterotrophic with bacteriochlorophyll
●gram–negative
●anaerobic
●rod shaped
Nitrogen Fixation in Low-Oxygen Environments
Heliobacterium
49
●am- negative
●small, strictly anaerobic, lack flagella,
●pyruvate and lactate fermented
●parasitic in mouths, intestines, and respiratory tract of animals
●Chemoorganotrophic
●Gut health
●athletic performance
●causes dental plaque
Veillonella
50
●found in the mucous surfaces of the respiratory and urogenital tracts.
●Gram – negative
●lacks cell wall, cannot synthesize peptidoglycan precursors
●many species require sterols to grow
●capable of self reproduction
Mycoplasma
51
●ovoid- or rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, and coccobacilli
●found in soil, water, animals, and food
Yersinia
52
causes plague
yersinia pestis
53
causes yersiniosis
yersinia enterocolitica
54
causes pseudotubercolosis
yersinia pseudotuberculosis
55
●coccobacillus,strict parasites, gram-negative, aerobic or facultative anaerobic,
●nonmotile and require a growth factor that is found in blood
●mouth, upper respiratory tract, and intestinal tract
●Importance: help in immune system development
Haemophilus
56
glasser disease
haemophilus parasuis
57
chancroid
haemophilus ducreyi
58
Ear infections, skin infections, and severe blood infections
haemophilus influenza
59
●rod-shaped,mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria,gram-negative, non-motile, anaerobic, and chemolithotrophic or chemoorganotrophic
●found in sedimentary environments, wastewater treatment plants, the human gut, and oil reservoirs
●Importance: play a crucial role in the sulfur cycle, converting sulfate to sulfide and used for bioremediation and contribute to gut health.
Desulfovibrio
60
Inflammatory bowel disease, periodontal disease, and infections like bacteremia and abscesses
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
61
●small, curved, rod-shaped,gram-negative,aerobic,and motile
●predatory bacterium
●found in various environments like soil, freshwater, and marine habitats.
●Importance:combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria and its potential as a therapeutic agent offer promising solutions to the growing challenge of infectious diseases.
Bdellovibrio
62
●elongated rods with rounded or tapered ends, fruiting body formation,predatory nonflagellated, gram-negative, spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic, obligate aerobes, and gliding
●moist soils, decaying organic matter, and decaying matter
●Importance:soil health, controlling harmful microbes, producing antibiotics, and have potential uses in biotechnology
Myxococcus
63
representative of myxococcus
M. Xanthus
64
●Straight or slightly curved rods with tapered or clubbed ends
●Nonmotile and non-spore forming rods
●Chemoorganotrophic
●Aerobic and facultative
●anaerobic
●Catalase-positive
●Arranged in palisades and it is pleomorphic
●Found in skin and mucous membrane
●Also found in soil and water
●Some species are pathogenic
Corynebacterium
65
representative of corynebacterium
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Corynebacterium jeikeium
66
●Straight or slightly curved rods ;sometimes branched
●Nonmotile and nonsporing
●Aerobic
●Catalase-positive; can form filaments that are readily fragmented
●Walls have high lipid content
●Chemoorganototrophic
●It is found in soil and water
Mycobacterium
67
representative of mycobacterium
Mycobacterium leprae (It is pathogenic)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (highly pathogenic)
68
●Branching, filamentous, and is gram-positive bacteria
●Catalase positive
●Aerobic
●Chemoheterotrophic
●Type IV cell wall
●Distributed in soil and decaying vegetation
Nocardia
69
representative of nocardia
Nocardia asteroides
70
●Pleomorphic non motile rods
●It is found growing on the skin and in the digestive tract of animals, and in dairy products such as cheese
Propionibacterium
71
representative of propionibacterium
Propionibacterium acnes (can be pathogenic)
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
72
●Forms branched, filamentous hyphae that can fragment into rod-shaped
●Aerial mycelium forms chains of three to many spores
●Strictly aerobic
●Chemoheterotrophic
●Found in soil
Streptomyces
73
● only streptomycete known to be pathogenic for humans
S. somaliensis
74
●Usually found on bodies of water with excessive nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen)
●Favorable season is summer due to solar energy and warm temperature.
●Eutrophication, another factor that causes the blooms of Cyanobacteria.
●Derived from the Greek word mikros (small) + kystis (bladder)
Microcystis
75
●Pleomorphic, and cells are usually flat disks.
●Halophilic
●Aerobic or anaerobic and chemoheterotrophs
Found in hypersaline environments.
Haloferax mediterranei
76
●Derived from the Greek word xanthos (yellow) + monas (entity).
●Found in plants that caused plant diseases.
●It contains a Type III Secretion System(T3SS), a unique characteristic that injects effector proteins into the plant cells.
Xanthomonas
77
●Chemoorganotrophic and aerobic
●Gram-negative
●Non-encapsulated under normal conditions, but can produce a capsule-like complex (CLC) in specific conditions.
●Found in various environments (soil and water).
●Opportunistic pathogen
Francisella novicida
78
●polarly flagellated rods with a flagellum and prostheca and holdfast
●aerobic
●oligotrophic
●freshwater and marine habitats
●used for studying the regulation of the cell cycle, asymmetric cell division, and cellular differentiation
Caulobacter
79
representative of caulobacter
Caulobacter crescentus
80
●typically rod-shaped
●aerobic; motile
●0.5-1.5 micrometers in length
●chemoorganotrophic
●primarily found in soil, particularly in areas where legumes are commonly grown
Rhizobium
81
representative of Rhizobium
Rhizobium leguminosarum
82
●small, oval-shaped bacteria (coccobacilli)
●gram-negative
●non-sporing and lack capsules or flagella; non-motile
●facultative anaerobes
●obligate intracellular
●pathogens
●causative agents of brucellosis primarily found in animals; contaminated soil and water can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their products
Brucella
83
reprecentative of brucella
Brucella melitensis
84
●rod-shaped
●aerobic
●chemolithotrophic
●oxidized nitrate to nitrate
●significant for nitrogen cycle
●found in soil, freshwater, and marine water
Nitrobacter
85
representative of nitrobacter
Nitrobacter winogradskyi
86
●rod-shaped bacteria with rounded ends (coccobacilli) non-motile
●gram-negative
●facultative-aerobic
●methylotrophy
●nitrogen-fixation
●can be found on soil, water, and plants
Methylobacterium
87
representative of Methylobacterium
Methylobacterium rhodesianum
88
●Gram-negative, multicellular, and are primarily filamentous and branched structures.
●Is a myxobacteria because of its social behavior and ability to form multicellular structures like fruiting bodies.
●Most commonly found in soil and decaying matter.
●It exhibits a gliding movement.
●Plays an important role in the decomposition of organic matter.
●They are not known to cause diseases to humans, animals, and plants.
Polyangium
89
● “crooked stick”
●Gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic, flagellar motility, and thermotolerant
●Are widely distributed in most warm-blooded animals, and the main route of transmission is generally believed to be foodborne.
●Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis, a disease transmitted to humans from animals or animal products.
Campylobacter
90
is a zoonosis, a disease transmitted to humans from animals or animal products.
Campylobacteriosis
91
representatives of campylobacter
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter fetus
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter upsaliensis
92
●Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria colonizing in the gastric mucosa.
●Shaped like a corkscrew or helix.
●They are commonly found on the mucosal lining of the stomach, specifically the mucosal layer (protective layer).
●Production of urease
helicobacter
93
●can cause peptic ulcer, gastritis, and duodenum.
helicobacter pylori
94
●Rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria.
●Found in soil, water, and intestinal tracts of humans and other animals
●Anaerobic
●Dormant cells are highly resistant to heat desiccation and toxic chemicals and detergents.
synthesize and release poisonous substances called exotoxins
clostridium
95
2 types of exotoxins
enterotoxins and neurotoxins).
96
representatives of clostridium
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium novyi
97
●Anaerobic, gram-negative cocci, often appearing in pairs or chains under the microscope.
●Present in various parts of the human body such as the skin, mouth, intestines, and vagina.
● associated with various polymicrobial infections such as abscesses (in the brain, liver, lungs), soft tissue infections, and post-surgical infections.
Peptostreptococcus
98
representative of
Peptostreptococcus
Finegoldia magna
Parvimonas micra
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
99
●Greek word "trichoma" meaning hair and "desmus" meaning bonded
●filament or colony
●contain phycoerythrin
●lack heterocysts
●photoautotrophic
●nitrogen fixing bacteria
●found in tropical and subtropical seas
Trichodesmium
100
representative of Trichodesmium
Trichodesmium erythraeum
101
●"pelos"- dark colored and " dictyon" - net
●rod-shaped cells are united into more or less large three-dimensional nets
●cells contain gas vacuoles
●Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c,d, or e occurs as the major photosynthetic pigment
●photoautotrophs
●thrives in anoxic aquatic environments, particularly in freshwater systems
Pelodictyon
102
●spiral shape
●facultative anaerobes
●utilize bacteriochlorophyll
●found in aquatic environments
●play a role in nitrogen fixation
Rhodospirillum
103
representative of Rhodospirillum
Rhodospirillum rubrum
104
●rod-shape
●pleomorphic
●no flagella
●tend to be very small
●live in blood- sucking arthropods
●enter the host cell by inducing phagocytosis
●important parasite
Rickettsia
105
cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
106
●acidophilic, non-spore formers and typically rod-shaped
●they are colorless; acidophilic chemoheterotrophs growing aerobically under mesophilic conditions
●live in marine, acidic environments but is abundant on soil environments
●sometimes dominant in iron-rich environments such as abandoned mines
●not pathogenic; needs further research
Acidobacteria
107
represenatative of Acidobacteria
Acidobacteria capsulatum
108
●Gram negative bacterium, rod-shaped and is isolated from the rumen of herbivores.
●colorless or transparent
●helps digestion of plant material in ruminants
●not pathogenic
Fibrobacter
109
representative of Fibrobacter
Fibrobacter succinogenes
110
●nonmotile, coccoid, gram-negative bacteria
●an “energy parasite” and believed that it obtained all its ATP from the host cell.
●lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls: they grow and reproduce only within host cells.
●obligately intracellular parasites
important pathogens of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
Chlamydia
111
●infects humans and mice.
●It causes inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, and trachoma.
C. trachomatis
112
●causes psittacosis in humans
●It also infects many other animals (e.g., parrots, turkeys, sheep, cattle, and cats) and invades the intestinal, respiratory, and genital tracts; the placenta and fetus; the eye; and the synovial fluid of joints.
C. psittaci
113
●common cause of human pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumoniae
114
●characterized by a copious mucous discharge from the eye, an inflamed and swollen conjunctiva.
C. trachomatis: inclusion conjunctivitis
115
●is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: more common in tropical climates.
C. trachomatis : Lymphogranuloma venereum
116
●is any inflammation of the urethra not due to the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
●caused both by nonmicrobial factors such as catheters and drugs and by infectious microorganisms.
C. trachomatis : Nongonococcal Urethritis
117
●transmitted by contact with inanimate objects such as soap and towels, by hand-to-hand contact that carries C. trachomatis from an infected eye to an uninfected eye, or by flies.
C. trachomatis : Trachoma
118
●primarily a human pathogen directly transmitted from human to human by respiratory secretions.
Chlamydia pneumoniae
119
●anaerobic, thermophilic bacteria; nonmotile; gram negative
●rod-shaped often occurring in filaments or aggregates, singly, in pairs, in filaments, in bundles, and as spherical bodies.
●chemoorganotrophs
●found in high temperature environments such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents
Dictyoglomus
120
representative of Dictyoglomus
Dictyoglomus thermophilum
121
●is derived from the Latin word “verruca” meaning a wart
●acidophilic, heterotrophs and exhibit yellow coloration
●found in freshwater, marine, soil habitats and in animal gut microbiomes including those of humans
Verrucomicrobium
122
●are spherical, barrel-shaped, or oval forming unbranched filaments
●Mucilaginous sheath
●Heterocysts
●Akinete
Nostoc
123
representative of nostoc
Nostoc commune
124
●are typically composed of cylindrical cells arranged in a single or double row. branched trichomes.
●heterocysts
●mucilaginous sheath
Stigonema
125
representative of Stigonema
Stigonema mamillosum
126
●forms long, thin, spiral-shaped filaments, coiled or helical
●high protein content, rich in vitamins and minerals
Spirulina
127
representative of Spirulina
Spirulina platensis
128
●Filamentous, can be unbranched or branched, depending on the species.
●thermophilic and alkaphilic surrounded by a gelatinous sheath
●Heterocysts
●can form akinetes
Mastigocladus
129
representative of Mastigocladus
Mastigocladus Laminosus
130
favorite bacteria ni kris
staphylococcus
