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MICROBIOLOGY 1 > microbial nutrition > Flashcards

microbial nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

CO₂ as the primary biosynthetic carbon source

A

Autotrophs:

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2
Q

Organic molecules from other organisms

A

Heterotrophs:

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3
Q

Light as energy source

A

Phototrophs:

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4
Q

Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

A

Chemotrophs:

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5
Q

Reduced inorganic molecules

A

Lithotrophs:

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6
Q

Organic molecules

A

Organotrophs:

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7
Q

Energy: Light
Hydrogen/Electrons: Inorganic H/e⁻ donor
Carbon: CO₂
Examples: Algae, Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

A

Photolithotrophic Autotrophy (Photolithoautotrophy)

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8
Q

Energy: Light
Hydrogen/Electrons: Organic H/e⁻ donor
Carbon: Organic carbon source (or CO₂)
Examples: Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria, Green Nonsulfur Bacteria

A

Photoorganotrophic Heterotrophy (Photoorganoheterotrophy)

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9
Q

Energy: Chemical (inorganic)
Hydrogen/Electrons: Inorganic H/e⁻ donor
Carbon: CO₂
Examples: Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria, Hydrogen Bacteria, Nitrifying Bacteria, Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria

A

Chemolithotrophic Autotrophy (Chemolithoautotrophy)

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10
Q

Energy: Chemical (organic)
Hydrogen/Electrons: Organic H/e⁻ donor
Carbon: Organic carbon source
Examples: Protozoa, Fungi, Nonphotosynthetic Bacteria (including pathogens)

A

Chemoorganotrophic Heterotrophy (Chemoorganoheterotrophy)

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11
Q

Carboxylation (CO₂ fixation), one-carbon metabolism

A

biotin

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12
Q

Molecular rearrangements
One-carbon metabolism—carries methyl groups

A

Cyanocobalamin (B₁₂)

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13
Q

One-carbon metabolism Enterococcus faecalis (B), Tetrahymena pyriformis (P)

A

folic acid

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14
Q

Transfer of acyl groups Lactobacillus casei (B), Tetrahymena spp. (P)

A

lipoic acid

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15
Q

Precursor of coenzyme A
—carries acyl groups (pyruvate oxidation, fatty acid metabolism) Proteus morganii (B), Hanseniaspora spp. (F), Paramecium spp. (P)

A

panthothenic acid

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16
Q

Amino acid metabolism

A

pyridoxine (B₆)

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17
Q

Precursor of NAD and NADP—carry electrons and hydrogen atoms

A

niacin

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18
Q

Precursor of FAD and FMN—carry electrons or hydrogen atoms

A

riboflavin (B₂)

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19
Q

Aldehyde group transfer (pyruvate decarboxylation, α-keto acid oxidation)

A

thiamine (B₁)

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20
Q

Organic compounds required because they
are essential cell components or precursors of such components
and cannot be synthesized by the organism are called

A

growth factors.

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21
Q

are small organic molecules that
usually make up all or part of enzyme cofactors
and only very small amounts sustain growth.

A

Vitamins

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22
Q

must contain all nutrients the microorganism requires

A

culture medium

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23
Q

media in which all components are known

A

defined/synthetic media

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24
Q

contain some ingredients of unknown chemical composition

A

complex media

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25
Q

support growth of many microorganisms

A

general purpose media

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26
Q

A basic medium that supports the growth of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

nutrient agar

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27
Q

: A general-purpose medium that is commonly used for the cultivation of bacteria.

A

Tryptic soy agar (TSA)

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28
Q

: A nutrient-rich medium that is often used for the cultivation of recombinant strains of E. coli.

A

Luria-Bertani (LB) agar

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29
Q

: A medium that contains sheep’s blood and is used to identify and differentiate bacteria based on their hemolytic properties.

A

Blood agar

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30
Q

: A medium that is used for the isolation and cultivation of fungi.

A

Sabouraud agar

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31
Q

A nutrient-rich medium that is used for the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar:

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32
Q

A selective and differential medium that is used to isolate and differentiate gram-negative bacteria.

A

MacConkey agar:

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33
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

Columbia agar:

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34
Q

A medium that is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing.

A

Mueller Hinton agar:

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35
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of environmental bacteria.

A

Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A):

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36
Q

A basic medium that is used for the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

Nutrient broth:

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37
Q

A simple medium that is used for the detection of motility and the growth of non-fastidious organisms.

A

Peptone water:

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38
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

A

Robertson’s cooked meat medium:

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39
Q

: A general-purpose medium that is commonly used for the cultivation of bacteria.

A

Tryptic soy broth (TSB)

40
Q

A medium that is used for the detection and cultivation of anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria.

A

Thioglycollate broth:

41
Q

A medium that is used for the detection and cultivation of anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria.

A

Fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM):

42
Q

A nutrient-nch medium that is used for the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth:

43
Q

A medium that is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing.

A

Mueller Hinton broth:

44
Q

A nutrient-rich medium that is commonly used for the cultivation of Streptococcus species.

A

Todd Hewitt broth:

45
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of fastidious microorganisms.

A

Heart infusion broth (HIB):

46
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

A

Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM):

47
Q

A medium that is used for the cultivation of anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria.

A

Schaedler broth:

48
Q

A nutrient-rich medium that is used for the cultivation of fastidious microorganisms.

A

Brain Heart Infusion with 5% sheep blood (BHI-S):

49
Q

A basic medium that is used for the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms.

A

Nutrient agar with 5% sheep blood (NBA):

50
Q

: A medium that is used for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

A

Wilkins Chalgren Anaerobic Agar (WCA)

51
Q

favor the growth of particular microorganisms

A

selective media

52
Q

Used primarily to distinguish coliform from non-coliform bacteria in water testing.

A

Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB Agar)

53
Q

differentiation of lactose fermenting and non- lactose fermenting intestinal organisms

A

Endo Agar

54
Q

Selective and differential mediam, identification of Enterobacteriaceae

A

Proteus Vulgaris MacConkey agar

55
Q

are media that distinguish between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification
of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics

A

Differential media

56
Q

a population of cells arising from a single
cell, to characterize an individual species.

A

pure culture,

57
Q

a macroscopically
visible growth or cluster of microorganisms on a solid medium

A

colony

58
Q

is the initial stage in microbial growth when cells are adapting to their environment.

A

lag phase

59
Q

In this phase, cells are dividing at a constant and rapid rate. The population size doubles with each generation, leading to exponential growth

A

log phase

60
Q

the growth rate slows down and stabilizes. The rate of cell division is equal to the rate of cell death due to the depletion of nutrients, accumulation of waste, and limited space.

A

stationary phase

61
Q

the number of dying cells exceeds the number of new cells being produced

A

death phase

62
Q

The time it takes for a population of cells to double in number

A

doubling time

63
Q

A specialized microscope slide used for counting cells in a liquid culture. It has a grid etched on its surface, which allows for direct counting of cells under a microscope. This is often used for quick estimations of cell concentration.

A

Petroff-Hausser Counting Chamber

64
Q

a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample.

A

colony forming unit (CFU)

65
Q

A system used to maintain microbial growth indefinitely by continuously supplying nutrients and removing waste. This allows researchers to study microbial growth in a steady state.

A

continuous culture system

66
Q

A type of continuous culture system where the growth rate is controlled by limiting a nutrient (the limiting factor).

A

chemostat

67
Q

Another type of continuous culture system where the culture’s turbidity (cloudiness) is maintained at a constant level. The system adjusts the flow of nutrients based on cell density

A

turbidostat

68
Q

The process of eliminating or destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi, usually by heat, chemicals, or filtration.

A

sterilization

69
Q

process of reducing or killing pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate surfaces.

A

disinfection

70
Q

process of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces to reduce the number of microorganisms to levels that are safe for public health.

A

sanitation

71
Q

process of applying chemical agents (antiseptics) to living tissues to reduce the possibility of infection by killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens.

A

antisepsis

72
Q

amount of time required to kill all microorganisms in a sample at a given temperature.

A

thermal death time

73
Q

time required to reduce a microbial population by 90% (or by one log) at a specific temperature. It measures how effective a treatment is in reducing microorganisms.

A

Decimal Reduction Time (D-value)

74
Q

A sterilization method that uses steam under pressure to kill microorganisms. An autoclave is typically used for this process, which is effective at killing spores and heat-resistant organisms.

A

Moist Heat Sterilization

75
Q

A sterilization process that uses high temperatures without moisture to kill microorganisms.

A

dry heat sterilization

76
Q

A method of heat-treating liquids, particularly dairy products, at high temperatures (around 71.7°C) for a short period (about 15–30 seconds) to kill pathogenic bacteria while retaining the product’s flavor and nutritional value.

A

flash pasteurization

77
Q

A process that involves heating food or liquids to a temperature of 135°C–150°C for 2–5 seconds to kill all microorganisms, including spores. UHT-treated products, such as milk, have a long shelf life and can be stored without refrigeration until opened.

A

Ultrahigh-Temperature (UHT) Sterilization

78
Q

Able to grow over wide ranges of water activity or osmotic concentration

A

osmotolerant

79
Q

Requires high levels of sodium chloride, usually above about 0.2 M, to grow.

A

halophile

80
Q

Growth optimum between pH 0 and 5.5

A

acidophile

81
Q

Growth optimum between pH 5.5 and 8.0

A

neutrophile

82
Q

Growth optimum between pH 8.5 and 11.5

A

alkalophile

83
Q

Grows well at 0°C and has an optimum growth temperature of 15°C or lower

A

psychrophile

84
Q

Can grow at 0-7°C; has an optimum between 20 and 30°C and a maximum around 35°C.

A

Psychrotroph

85
Q

Has growth optimum around 20-45°C.

A

Mesophile

86
Q

Can grow at 55°C or higher; optimum often between 55 and 65°C

A

thermophile

87
Q

Has an optimum between 80 and about 113°C

A

hyperthermophile

88
Q

Completely dependent on atmospheric O₂ for growth.

A

obligate anaerobe

89
Q

Does not require O₂ for growth, but grows better in its presence.

A

facultative anaerobe

90
Q

grows equally well in presence or absence of O2

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

91
Q

does not tolerate O2 and dies in its presence

A

obligate anaerobe

92
Q

requieres O2 levels below 2-10% for growth and is damaged by atmospheric O2(20%)

A

microaerophile

93
Q

growth more rapid at high hydrostatic pressures

A

barophilic

94
Q

states that there are limits to environmental factors below and
above which a microorganism cannot survive and grow, regardless of the nutrient supply

A

Shelford’s law of tolerance

95
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY 1 (6 decks)

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