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CVRH Exam 3 > Microbial Threats to the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Microbial Threats to the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

The glottis

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2
Q

Respiratory invaders posses one or more of which properties?

A

Ligand to bind receptor on cell surface
Interfere with ciliary movement
Resist phagocytosis, major defense in alveoli
Cause local damage (to resp. tract)

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3
Q

Which bacteria are secondary to flu infections?

A

S. aureus
S. pneumonia
H. influenzae

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4
Q

What bacteria are secondary to cystic fibrosis?

A

S. aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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5
Q

Which infections are secondary to depressed immune system in AIDS or cancer with chemotherapy?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii
CMV
M. tuberculosis

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6
Q

What are the infection patterns of bacteria?

A

They tend to localize

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7
Q

What are disseminating viral infections?

A

CMV, EBV, Mumps

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8
Q

What virus is most commonly associated with rhinitis (common cold)?

A

Picornaviridae (ssRNA)

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9
Q

What kills picornaviridae?

A

Acid (because its naked)

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10
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

A sore throat

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11
Q

What causes pharyngitis?

A 
Adenoviruses
EBV
CMV
HSV
S. pyogenes
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12
Q

What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Coxsadievirus

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13
Q

Do you give antibiotics to every patient with a sore throat?

A

No, it is only bacterial infection in 1-20%

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14
Q

What does CMV cause?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

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15
Q

What can intrauterine infection of CMV cause?

A

Congenital deafness and mental retardation

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16
Q

What can CMV cause in AIDS?

A

Retinitis and blindness as well as pneumonitis and colitis

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17
Q

What do you treat CMV with?

A

Ganciclovir

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18
Q

What is used to detect CMV infection especially of intrauterine infections?

A

Detection of anti-CMV IgM (not IgG because IgG may come from the mother and not indicate intrauterine infection)

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19
Q

What does the EBV infect?

A

B cells through the C3d receptor (a second signal in B activation)

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20
Q

What does EBV cause?

A

Polyclonal activation of B cells producing heterophil antibodies and autoantibodies (infectious mononucleosis in youth)

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21
Q

How do T cells react to EBV?

A

They become atypical lymphocytes

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22
Q

How do you test for EBV?

A

Monospot test

Autoantibodies (cold agglutinin)

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23
Q

What is the monospot test?

A

Heterophil antibodies against horse or sheep erythrocytes

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24
Q

Why do you not transplant an organ from a donor with EBV?

A

Because the virus will be carried with it and may cause lymphomas

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25
What happens in East Africa with EBV infections?
Burkitt's lymphoma when EBV works with plasmodium (malaria)
26
What causes scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic toxin from Streptococcus pyogenes
27
What causes rheumatic fever?
Cross-reacting Ab attacking the skin, joint, heart and neurons after S. pyogenes infection
28
What does increase ASO (antistreptolysin O) mean?
There was a recent infection of S. pyogenes
29
What do rapid strep tests test for?
Against bacterial antigens
30
What is acute otitis media and what can it cause?
Infection of the middle ear | Meningitis
31
What can cause acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
32
What is the vaccine for Hib?
Purified capsule | Conjugate polysaccharide
33
What type of virus is mumps?
Paramyxovirus (ssRNA, enveloped)
34
What is the primary target for mumps?
Parotid gland
35
What can mumps cause in adults?
Orchitis (leads to infertility; inflammation of testis :))
36
What type of vaccine is used for mumps prevention?
Attenuated MMR vaccine
37
What does the diphtheria cytotoxin do?
Destroys epithelium and neutrophils
38
What do patients with diphtheria present with?
Ulcers covered with dead tissue false-membrane
39
How does diphtheria toxin work?
Inhibits EF-2 in protein synthesis
40
What can diphtheria toxin cause in the heart?
Myocarditis
41
What vaccine is the diphtheria toxoid found in?
DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis)
42
What type of bacteria is Bordetella pertussis?
Gram-negative
43
What does pertussis cause?
Laryngotracheobrochitis
44
What does the pertussis toxin mediate?
Attachment and tissue injuries
45
What is the pertussis vaccine?
Inactivated vaccine in DTP
46
What do the cellular and acellular component of the DTP vaccine for pertussis contain respectively?
Cellular: endotoxin causing side effects Acellular: toxoids
47
What is RSV?
Respiratory synctytial virus
48
Traditional antibiotic for pertussis?
Macrolides such as erythromycin
49
What is the number 1 reason for hospitalization for infants under 2 years?
RSV
50
Symptoms of RSV?
Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis
51
What causes the symptoms in RSV?
Immunity-mediated
52
What are the treatments for RSV?
Ribavirin aerosol for severe cases
53
What is the prevention treatment for RSV?
Palivizumab, monoclonal Ab against F protein
54
What causes pneumonia in children?
Mostly viral
55
What causes pneumonia in neonates?
Chlamydia trachomatis | E. coli
56
What causes pneumonia in healthy adults?
``` S. pneumoniae Chlamydophilia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae (no cell wall) L. pneumophila Influenza viruses ```
57
What causes pneumonia in alcoholics and vagrants?
S. pneumonia K. pneumoniae (gram -) M. tuberculosis
58
What causes pneumonia with underlying respiratory disease?
``` S. aureus H. influenzae P. aeruginosa S. pneumoniae M. catarrhalis ```
59
What causes pneumonia in AIDS patients?
Pneumocystis jirovecii Mycobacterium species CMV
60
Streptococcus pneumoniae gram stain:
Gram positive
61
What give streptococcus pneumoniae its pathogenicity?
Its capsule
62
Is streptococcus pneumoniae alpha or beta hemolytic?
Alpha-hemolytic
63
What type of sputum does pneumococcus produce?
Rusty sputum
64
What type of sputum does Klebsiella produce?
Thick, bloody, mucoid sputum (red jelly)
65
What type of sputum does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?
Green sputum
66
Pneumococcal vaccine for children under 5?
Conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13
67
Pneumococcal vaccine for adults?
Unconjugated Pneumovax 23
68
How are conjugated vaccines made?
Conjugated to a protein for T-dependent Ig production
69
What do polysaccharides do?
Illicit T-independent response producing IgM and IgG2 (non opsonizing)
70
What is orthomyxoviridae?
Influenza virus family
71
What is the genome of orthomyxoviridae?
8 segments of ssRNA
72
What does orthomyxoviridae use for attachment to epithelial cells?
Haemagglutinin
73
What does orthomyxoviridae use to destroy cellular receptor for release from cell?
Neuraminidase
74
What are the three capsid protein serotypes on influenza viruses?
Type A: recombines with animal flue viruses to cause epidemics and pandemics Type B: not in animals but causes epidemics Type C: causes minor disease and no epidemics
75
What causes drift and change in flu viruses?
An accumulation of mutations because RNA polymerase
76
What is shift?
Reassortment of human and animal viruses
77
Timing difference between shift and drift:
Shift is sudden | Drift is slow and continuous
78
What does re-assortment of RNA segments in flu virus lead to?
New H and N combinations
79
What is H and N refer to in nomenclature?
Haemagglutinin | Neuraminidase
80
How are Inactivated influenza vaccines administered?
Shots (transdermal)
81
How are live attenuated influenza vaccines administered?
Nasal sprays
82
Which drugs block uncoating of flu viruses?
Rimantadine | Amantadine
83
Which drugs inhibit neuramidase and viral release?
Zanamivir Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Peramivir
84
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal recessive defect in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein
85
What does a defect in CFTR protein result in?
Defective Cl- channel necessary for secretion and impaired mucociliary escalation system
86
What bacteria infects CF patients?
Pseudomonas aeruginosae (oxidase-positive, Gram negative)
87
What does pseudomonas aeruginosae produce?
A mucoid slime layer for adherence and protection
88
What fungus can affect the lungs in immunocompromised patients?
Aspergillus fumigatus
89
What can aspergillus fumigatus cause in patients with CF or asthma?
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (can leave lungs via blood)
90
What is a aspergilloma?
Hyphae ball in a pre-existing cavity or chronic pulmonary disorders
91
What fungus can be found in SW USA and Latin American countries?
Coccidioides immitis
92
What is diagnostic for coccidioides immitis?
Biopsy for spherules
93
What is used to treat coccidioides immitis?
Azoles and amphotericin B

CVRH Exam 3 (10 decks)

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