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CVRH Exam 3 > Microbial Threats to the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Microbial Threats to the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

The glottis

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2
Q

Respiratory invaders posses one or more of which properties?

A

Ligand to bind receptor on cell surface
Interfere with ciliary movement
Resist phagocytosis, major defense in alveoli
Cause local damage (to resp. tract)

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3
Q

Which bacteria are secondary to flu infections?

A

S. aureus
S. pneumonia
H. influenzae

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4
Q

What bacteria are secondary to cystic fibrosis?

A

S. aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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5
Q

Which infections are secondary to depressed immune system in AIDS or cancer with chemotherapy?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii
CMV
M. tuberculosis

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6
Q

What are the infection patterns of bacteria?

A

They tend to localize

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7
Q

What are disseminating viral infections?

A

CMV, EBV, Mumps

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8
Q

What virus is most commonly associated with rhinitis (common cold)?

A

Picornaviridae (ssRNA)

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9
Q

What kills picornaviridae?

A

Acid (because its naked)

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10
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

A sore throat

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11
Q

What causes pharyngitis?

A 
Adenoviruses
EBV
CMV
HSV
S. pyogenes
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12
Q

What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Coxsadievirus

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13
Q

Do you give antibiotics to every patient with a sore throat?

A

No, it is only bacterial infection in 1-20%

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14
Q

What does CMV cause?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

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15
Q

What can intrauterine infection of CMV cause?

A

Congenital deafness and mental retardation

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16
Q

What can CMV cause in AIDS?

A

Retinitis and blindness as well as pneumonitis and colitis

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17
Q

What do you treat CMV with?

A

Ganciclovir

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18
Q

What is used to detect CMV infection especially of intrauterine infections?

A

Detection of anti-CMV IgM (not IgG because IgG may come from the mother and not indicate intrauterine infection)

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19
Q

What does the EBV infect?

A

B cells through the C3d receptor (a second signal in B activation)

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20
Q

What does EBV cause?

A

Polyclonal activation of B cells producing heterophil antibodies and autoantibodies (infectious mononucleosis in youth)

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21
Q

How do T cells react to EBV?

A

They become atypical lymphocytes

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22
Q

How do you test for EBV?

A

Monospot test

Autoantibodies (cold agglutinin)

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23
Q

What is the monospot test?

A

Heterophil antibodies against horse or sheep erythrocytes

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24
Q

Why do you not transplant an organ from a donor with EBV?

A

Because the virus will be carried with it and may cause lymphomas

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25
Q

What happens in East Africa with EBV infections?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma when EBV works with plasmodium (malaria)

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26
Q

What causes scarlet fever?

A

Erythrogenic toxin from Streptococcus pyogenes

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27
Q

What causes rheumatic fever?

A

Cross-reacting Ab attacking the skin, joint, heart and neurons after S. pyogenes infection

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28
Q

What does increase ASO (antistreptolysin O) mean?

A

There was a recent infection of S. pyogenes

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29
Q

What do rapid strep tests test for?

A

Against bacterial antigens

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30
Q

What is acute otitis media and what can it cause?

A

Infection of the middle ear

Meningitis

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31
Q

What can cause acute epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)

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32
Q

What is the vaccine for Hib?

A

Purified capsule

Conjugate polysaccharide

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33
Q

What type of virus is mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus (ssRNA, enveloped)

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34
Q

What is the primary target for mumps?

A

Parotid gland

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35
Q

What can mumps cause in adults?

A

Orchitis (leads to infertility; inflammation of testis :))

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36
Q

What type of vaccine is used for mumps prevention?

A

Attenuated MMR vaccine

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37
Q

What does the diphtheria cytotoxin do?

A

Destroys epithelium and neutrophils

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38
Q

What do patients with diphtheria present with?

A

Ulcers covered with dead tissue false-membrane

39
Q

How does diphtheria toxin work?

A

Inhibits EF-2 in protein synthesis

40
Q

What can diphtheria toxin cause in the heart?

A

Myocarditis

41
Q

What vaccine is the diphtheria toxoid found in?

A

DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis)

42
Q

What type of bacteria is Bordetella pertussis?

A

Gram-negative

43
Q

What does pertussis cause?

A

Laryngotracheobrochitis

44
Q

What does the pertussis toxin mediate?

A

Attachment and tissue injuries

45
Q

What is the pertussis vaccine?

A

Inactivated vaccine in DTP

46
Q

What do the cellular and acellular component of the DTP vaccine for pertussis contain respectively?

A

Cellular: endotoxin causing side effects
Acellular: toxoids

47
Q

What is RSV?

A

Respiratory synctytial virus

48
Q

Traditional antibiotic for pertussis?

A

Macrolides such as erythromycin

49
Q

What is the number 1 reason for hospitalization for infants under 2 years?

A

RSV

50
Q

Symptoms of RSV?

A

Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis

51
Q

What causes the symptoms in RSV?

A

Immunity-mediated

52
Q

What are the treatments for RSV?

A

Ribavirin aerosol for severe cases

53
Q

What is the prevention treatment for RSV?

A

Palivizumab, monoclonal Ab against F protein

54
Q

What causes pneumonia in children?

A

Mostly viral

55
Q

What causes pneumonia in neonates?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

E. coli

56
Q

What causes pneumonia in healthy adults?

A 
S. pneumoniae
Chlamydophilia pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (no cell wall)
L. pneumophila 
Influenza viruses
57
Q

What causes pneumonia in alcoholics and vagrants?

A

S. pneumonia
K. pneumoniae (gram -)
M. tuberculosis

58
Q

What causes pneumonia with underlying respiratory disease?

A 
S. aureus
H. influenzae
P. aeruginosa
S. pneumoniae
M. catarrhalis
59
Q

What causes pneumonia in AIDS patients?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii
Mycobacterium species
CMV

60
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae gram stain:

A

Gram positive

61
Q

What give streptococcus pneumoniae its pathogenicity?

A

Its capsule

62
Q

Is streptococcus pneumoniae alpha or beta hemolytic?

A

Alpha-hemolytic

63
Q

What type of sputum does pneumococcus produce?

A

Rusty sputum

64
Q

What type of sputum does Klebsiella produce?

A

Thick, bloody, mucoid sputum (red jelly)

65
Q

What type of sputum does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

A

Green sputum

66
Q

Pneumococcal vaccine for children under 5?

A

Conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13

67
Q

Pneumococcal vaccine for adults?

A

Unconjugated Pneumovax 23

68
Q

How are conjugated vaccines made?

A

Conjugated to a protein for T-dependent Ig production

69
Q

What do polysaccharides do?

A

Illicit T-independent response producing IgM and IgG2 (non opsonizing)

70
Q

What is orthomyxoviridae?

A

Influenza virus family

71
Q

What is the genome of orthomyxoviridae?

A

8 segments of ssRNA

72
Q

What does orthomyxoviridae use for attachment to epithelial cells?

A

Haemagglutinin

73
Q

What does orthomyxoviridae use to destroy cellular receptor for release from cell?

A

Neuraminidase

74
Q

What are the three capsid protein serotypes on influenza viruses?

A

Type A: recombines with animal flue viruses to cause epidemics and pandemics
Type B: not in animals but causes epidemics
Type C: causes minor disease and no epidemics

75
Q

What causes drift and change in flu viruses?

A

An accumulation of mutations because RNA polymerase

76
Q

What is shift?

A

Reassortment of human and animal viruses

77
Q

Timing difference between shift and drift:

A

Shift is sudden

Drift is slow and continuous

78
Q

What does re-assortment of RNA segments in flu virus lead to?

A

New H and N combinations

79
Q

What is H and N refer to in nomenclature?

A

Haemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

80
Q

How are Inactivated influenza vaccines administered?

A

Shots (transdermal)

81
Q

How are live attenuated influenza vaccines administered?

A

Nasal sprays

82
Q

Which drugs block uncoating of flu viruses?

A

Rimantadine

Amantadine

83
Q

Which drugs inhibit neuramidase and viral release?

A

Zanamivir
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Peramivir

84
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive defect in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein

85
Q

What does a defect in CFTR protein result in?

A

Defective Cl- channel necessary for secretion and impaired mucociliary escalation system

86
Q

What bacteria infects CF patients?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosae (oxidase-positive, Gram negative)

87
Q

What does pseudomonas aeruginosae produce?

A

A mucoid slime layer for adherence and protection

88
Q

What fungus can affect the lungs in immunocompromised patients?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

89
Q

What can aspergillus fumigatus cause in patients with CF or asthma?

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (can leave lungs via blood)

90
Q

What is a aspergilloma?

A

Hyphae ball in a pre-existing cavity or chronic pulmonary disorders

91
Q

What fungus can be found in SW USA and Latin American countries?

A

Coccidioides immitis

92
Q

What is diagnostic for coccidioides immitis?

A

Biopsy for spherules

93
Q

What is used to treat coccidioides immitis?

A

Azoles and amphotericin B

CVRH Exam 3 (10 decks)

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