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CVRH Exam 3 > Immunodefense Against Blood-Borne and Respiratory Pathogens > Flashcards

Immunodefense Against Blood-Borne and Respiratory Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

How do pathogens often enter the blood stream?

A

Teeth brushing
Local infections
Wounds
Medical procedures

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2
Q

What are the two functions of the spleen?

A
  1. ) Secondary lymph organ (white pulp)

2. ) Filter for the blood (red pulp)

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3
Q

What needs to be done to some microbes in order for them to be phagocytized?

A

They must be opsonized by antibodies (encapsulated bacteria)

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4
Q

What are patients with a splenectomy or asplenia susceptible to?

A

Encapsulated bacteria

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5
Q

What must patients with splenectomies do before dental work or surgeries?

A

Take prophylactic antibiotics

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6
Q

What is a splenectomy considered an example of?

A

Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency

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7
Q

What antibody is found in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Secretory IgA (transcytosed across epithelial cells)

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8
Q

Three general defense in upper airway:

A

Lumenal
Epithelial
Blood-derived cells of mucosa

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9
Q

What is the most abundant antibody in the alveoli?

A

IgG1-3

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10
Q

Which IgG antibodies opsonize?

A

IgG1

IgG3

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11
Q

What complement opsonizes?

A

C3b

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12
Q

What protein in lower respiratory tract also opsonizes?

A

C-reactive protein

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13
Q

What is the first line of defense in lower airways?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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14
Q

What is the major defender against bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Border between upper and lower respiratory tract:

A

Upper: nose-larynx (glottis vocal cords)
Lower: larynx-alveoli

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16
Q

What are two options for alveolar macrophages once they come in contact with pathogens?

A

Neutralize and kill

Regulate lung inflammation

17
Q

What cytokines do alveolar macrophages release to mediate inflammation?

A

IL-1alpha
IL-1beta
TNF-alpha

18
Q

What does release of alveolar macrophage cytokines initiate?

A

Inflammation and neutrophils to come to the side

19
Q

What do neutrophils generate?

A

Neutrophil net to made of chromatin with anti-microbial proteins

20
Q

What do CD4+ T cells do?

A

Helper T cells to activate B cells

21
Q

What do CD8+ cells do?

A

Kill infected cells and activate macrophages

22
Q

How do CD4+ cells activate macrophages?

A

Binding CD40 ligand with cytokine coreceptor

23
Q

What does BALT stand for?

A

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

24
Q

What is BALT?

A

Specialized epithelial cells that microbes and antigens can pass through (endocytosis or phagocytosis)

25
Q

Where is BALT found?

A

Bifurcation of the bronchus; more prevalent after infections

CVRH Exam 3 (10 decks)

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