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Micro Lecture > Microbial nutrition and growth > Flashcards

Microbial nutrition and growth Flashcards

1
Q

How can organisms be classified?

A

by nutrient pattern

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2
Q

What is the carbon source for autotrophs (producers)?

A

CO2

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3
Q

What is the carbon source for heterotrophs (consumers)?

A

organic compounds

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4
Q

What are examples of autotrophs?

A

plants, algae, some bacteria, phytoplankton

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5
Q

What are examples of heterotrophs?

A

animals, fungi, most protozoa, most bacteria

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6
Q

What is the energy source for phototrophs?

A

light

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7
Q

What is the energy source for chemotrophs?

A

redox of organic/inorganic molecules

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8
Q

What is the carbon source for photoautotrophs?

A

CO2

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9
Q

What is the energy source for photoautotrophs?

A

light

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10
Q

What are examples of photoautotrophs?

A

photosynthetic bacteria
plants

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11
Q

What is the carbon source for chemoautotrophs?

A

CO2
includes some bacteria

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12
Q

What is the energy source for chemoautotrophs?

A

inorganic compounds

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13
Q

What is the carbon source for photoheterotrophs?

A

organic compounds

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14
Q

What is the energy source for photoheterotrophs?

A

light

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15
Q

What is an example of a photoheterotroph?

A

some bacteria

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16
Q

What is the carbon source for chemoheterotrophs?

A

organic compounds

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17
Q

What is the energy source for chemoheterotrophs?

A

organic compounds

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18
Q

What are examples of chemoheterotrophs?

A

animals, most bacteria, many protists, parasitic plants

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19
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

cold-loving
exist in polar regions

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20
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

moderate temp loving
disease-causing microbes
like human body temp

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21
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

heat loving
hot compost piles

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22
Q

What are hyperthermophiles?

A

extreme thermophiles
archaea
volcanic hot springs

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23
Q

What are neutrophiles?

A

like pH 6.5-7.5
most bacteria

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24
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

like pH below 2
sulfur bacteria in coal mines

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25
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the pressure required to stop water from diffusing through membrane by osmosis

26
Q

What happens in a hypotonic environment?

A

low solute=low pressure
water goes into the cell
cell bursts (lysis)

27
Q

What happens in a hypertonic environment?

A

high solute=high pressure
water goes out of cell
cell shrivels

28
Q

What are hypertonic solutions the basis for?

A

food preservation

29
Q

What are obligate halophiles?

A

require high osmotic pressure (high salt)
up to 30%
Dead Sea

30
Q

What are facultative halophiles?

A

tolerate high osmotic pressure but don’t require it
2-15%
exist on human skin

31
Q

What is carbon needed for?

A

organic macromolecules

32
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

nucleic acids and proteins

33
Q

What is phosphorus needed for?

A

nucleic acids
phospholipids

34
Q

What is oxygen needed for?

A

aerobic respiration

35
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

need oxygen to grow
growth at the top

36
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

uses no oxygen to grow
growth at the bottom

37
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

can grow with no oxygen but prefers it
higher concentration of growth at top but spread out everywhere else

38
Q

What is a micro-aerophile?

A

require low amount of oxygen to grow
growth somewhere in the middle

39
Q

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

tolerate air but don’t use it
fermentation

40
Q

What is autoxidation?

A

oxygen in environment is converted into oxygen free radicals in the cell

41
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration?

A

uses oxygen
additional oxygen free radicals are produced as a consequence of aerobic respiration

42
Q

How oxygen free radicals get electrons?

A

oxidize molecules which results in cell damage

43
Q

What is the 2 type process to eliminate oxygen free radicals?

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase/peroxidase

44
Q

What happens in superoxide dismutase?

A

converts radicals to hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

What happens in catalase/peroxidase?

A

neutralizes H202

catalase- H202 to H20 and 02

peroxidase- H202 to H20

46
Q

What ions are found naturally in water and media components?

A

iron
copper
zinc

function as inorganic cofactor for enzyme

47
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

48
Q

What is generation time?

A

time it takes for a cell population to double

49
Q

What happens during the lag phase?

A

intense activity preparing for population growth

50
Q

What happens during log (exponential) phase?

A

exponential increase in population

51
Q

What happens during stationary phase?

A

period of equilibrium
microbial deaths balance production of new cells

52
Q

What happens during death (decline) phase?

A

population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate

53
Q

How do you measure bacterial growth directly?

A

plate counts
membrane filtration
microscopic counts

54
Q

What is plate counting?

A

count CFUs on solid culture medium

55
Q

What is membrane filtration?

A

small quantities of bacteria
bacteria trapped on filter, filter transferred to culture medium; count CFUs

56
Q

Describe microscopic counting

A

bacteria mixed w/ dye

load volume on cell counter

living cells counted under scope

cells/mL

57
Q

What are indirect ways to measure bacteria?

A

turbidity (cloudiness)
dry weight
metabolic activity

58
Q

Describe the turbidity method

A

Light absorbance increases with cloudiness

59
Q

Describe the dry weight method

A

weigh out powdered form of bacteria

more weight=more growth

60
Q

Describe metabolic activity method

A

metabolic product measured (lactic acid)

more acid=more growth

Micro Lecture (7 decks)

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