Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Lecture > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions in organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does catabolism do?

A

Produces ATP by breaking bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does anabolism do?

A

Uses ATP- monosaccharides, nucleotides, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, atoms, ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when molecules are moving continuously?

A

A collision happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the energy in collisions do?

A

Can disrupt electrons which break and form bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to disrupt electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a reaction rate?

A

How often collisions occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can reaction rates be increased?

A

Increasing temperature or pressure

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean when enzymes catalyze?

A

They speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a principle of enzymes related to chemical reactions?

A

They are not altered during them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an apoenzyme?

A

Protein part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non protein parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a non protein part?

A

1 part Organic (coenzymes), carbon based—— NAD

1 part inorganic (ions), calcium, zinc, NO CARBON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

Fully functional unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

The substrate is oriented in optimal position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does an induced fit lead to?

A

Lower requirement of energy to initiate a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the enzyme mechanisms of reaction?

A

Specific substrate contacts enzyme active site

Induced fit

Substrate transforms

Products are released

Enzyme is UNCHANGED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is vMax?

A

Maximum velocity

Enzymes are saturated (all active sites occupied)

Will not increase until more enzymes are added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What raises reaction rate up to a point?

A

Substrate concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does temperature do to enzyme activity?

A

It denatures the protein

Bonds are broken and the protein is no longer functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to proteins at low temperatures?

A

It doesn’t denature, just freezes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What pH is optimal for most enzymes?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens when an enzyme pH is too high or too low?

A

It denatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

They compete for active sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

A

They DO NOT bind to the active site

They bind to an allosteric site which changes the active site shape

Enzyme can no longer act on the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Non-competitive inhibitory pathway

Occurs in metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does feedback inhibition end?

A

End product binds to allosteric site in first enzyme so that the first enzyme can’t bind more substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the movement of electrons do?

A

Release energy!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Transfer of electrons via 1 or many from one reactant to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons (LEO- loss electrons oxidation)

31
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons (GER- gain electrons reduction)

32
Q

What is another name for a redox reaction?

A

Dehydrogenation- proton (H+) goes with electron= loss of H atom

33
Q

How can you tell if a redox reaction has occurred?

A

Follow the H’s

34
Q

What do molecules with lots of H’s have?

A

Lots of potential energy

35
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of a phosphate to a molecule (ADP to ATP)

36
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The phosphate of a substrate is given to ADP via a catabolic reaction done by the enzyme

37
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Electrons come from the chlorophyll becoming excited by light

Received by the electron transport chain and energy is released

Proton pumps use released energy to create a proton gradient

Proton gradient turns ATP synthase and synthase makes ATP

38
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electrons are received from reduced carriers (organic molecules that contain H+ that are stripped from them by redox reactions- in metabolism)

Proton gradient and ATP synthase cycle occurs

39
Q

Where does photophosphorylation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Euks- chloroplasts

Proks- plasma membrane

40
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Euks- mitochondria

Proks- plasma membrane

41
Q

What is an organic cofactor called?

A

Coenzyme

42
Q

What is an inorganic cofactor called?

A

Ion

43
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose catabolism?

A

cellular respiration and fermentation

44
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

complete breakdown to CO2 and H2O

45
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

46
Q

How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?

A

final electron acceptor not O2
produces less energy

47
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, synthesis of Acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport cycle

48
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in euks and proks?

A

euks- cytoplasm
proks- cyotplasm

49
Q

Where does synthesis of Acetyl-CoA occur in euks and proks?

A

euks- mitochondrial matrix
proks- cytoplasm

50
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur in euks and proks?

A

euks- mitochondrial matrix
proks- cytoplasm

51
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in euks and proks?

A

euks- mitochondrial inner membrane
proks- plasma membrane

52
Q

What is fermentation?

A

partial breakdown of glucose to organic waste product- produces lactic acid and alcohol

53
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

-energy is released during this process by stripping glucose of all of the hydrogen molecules to make ATP

54
Q

What are the products of glycolosis?

A

2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid

55
Q

What does glycolysis mean?

A

splitting glucose
involves redox

56
Q

What are the steps of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid
2 NAD+ reduced to NADH (electron carrier)
2 ADP to ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

57
Q

What happens during Acetyl-CoA formation?

A

Redox reaction
Pyruvic acid is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
CO2 removed (decarboxylation)

58
Q

What are the products of Acetyl-CoA formation?

A

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl-CoA

59
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

redox reaction
intermediates are oxidized
NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH
CO2 removed (decarboxylation)
Substrate level phosphorylation (ADP to ATP)

60
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, & 4 CO2

61
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

ETC receives electrons from electron carriers that are carrying electrons from glucose (NADH, FADH2)

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and electrons go down the ETC

The final electron acceptor is oxygen, and oxygen becomes water

62
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Hydrogen diffusing through the ATP synthase

63
Q

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

64
Q

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce in prokaryotes?

A

38 ATP
2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from the Kreb’s cycle
34 ATP ETC

65
Q

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce in eukaryotes?

A

36 ATP
2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from the Kreb’s cycle
32 ATP ETC

66
Q

Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP than prokaryotes?

A

NADH produced from glycolysis need ATP to move across the mitochondrial membrane for the ETC chain, 2 ATP are needed for that

67
Q

What does fermentation do with NAD+?

A

recycles NAD which is a vital element for glycolysis

68
Q

What happens during fermentation?

A

Involves redox
2 NADH are oxidized (H electrons are given to pyruvic acid)
2 pyruvic acids are reduced to organic waste products (lactic acid and ethanol)

69
Q

What are the 2 major types of glucose fermentation?

A

lactic acid and alcohol

70
Q

What happens during lactic acid fermentation? What is an example of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid
Bacteria— milk—- cheese and yogurt

71
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol

72
Q

What is an example of alcohol fermentation?

A

yeast—- grape juice—- wine

73
Q

What are the steps to lactic acid fermentation?

A

1 glucose
2 NAD are reduced to NADH
2 ADP to 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 NADH oxidized to 2 NAD
2 pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid

74
Q

What are the steps to alcohol fermentation?

A

-2 NAD to 2 NADH (reduction)
-2 ADP to 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
-2 pyruvic acid (first product)
-2 released CO2 produces 2 Acetaldehyde
Reduced to ethanol by 2 NADH to 2 NAD (NADH is oxidized)

Micro Lecture (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions