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Micro Lecture > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Variations of elements
Same # of protons and electrons but different neutron #’s= different mass

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2
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

One atom loses electrons, others gain= ion

Opposites attract- Ionic bond

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3
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Strongest bond
Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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4
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Between molecules involving hydrogen

Made possibly by uneven covalent bonding

Weakest bond

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5
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

New bonds are formed
Endergonic (net energy in)

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6
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Molecules are made by removing water

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7
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Bonds are broken
Exergonic (net energy out, exit)

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8
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaking down molecules with water

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9
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Decomposition reactions in cells

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10
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Synthesis (building) reactions in cells

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11
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Part decomposition and synthesis

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of inorganic molecules?

A

Typically lack carbon
Simple
Salts, acids, bases
H2O, O2

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13
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Always contain carbon
Complex
Sugars, proteins, Nucleic acids, lipids

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14
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Any molecule having unequal distribution of charge

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15
Q

What are properties of water related to polarity?

A

Cohesion and adhesion

High specific heat capacity

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16
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction of molecules for other molecules of same kind

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17
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of different kind

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18
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

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19
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

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20
Q

What is the best ph for organisms?

A

6.5-8.5

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21
Q

How are organic molecules broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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22
Q

What are the 3 major groups of carbs?

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

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23
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose- algae cell walls
Chitin- cell wall of fungi
Starch- produced by plants and used as food by us

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24
Q

What is a characteristic of lipids?

A

They are hydrophobic

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25
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

Triglycerides which contain glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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26
Q

What are complex lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Steroids

27
Q

What are steroids?

A

Complex lipid

28
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Help maintain healthy membranes
Keep membrane fluids at low temps
Keep membranes calm at high temps

29
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Enzymes, transporter proteins, motility, pathogenesis

Consist of repeating subunits called amino acids

30
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Many amino acids joined together

31
Q

How are bonds between amino acids formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis

32
Q

What are the 4 protein levels of organization?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

33
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Straight polypeptide chain sequence

34
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Localized, repetitious twisting/folding of polypeptide

Hydrogen bonding

Helices and pleated sheets

35
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Overall 3D structure of polypeptide
Many different types of bonds
Most functional at this point

36
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Some proteins
Aggregation 2 or more polypeptides
Operate as single unit

37
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

Water, oxygen, salts, acids, bases

Typically lack carbon

Simple

38
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Complex

Always contain carbon

39
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Any molecule having unequal distribution of charge

Ex: water

40
Q

What are the properties of H2O?

A

Excellent solvent

Cohesion and adhesion

High specific heat capacity

41
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do in heat?

A

Absorbs heat

Protects cells from fluctuations in environmental temperature

42
Q

What is an acid?

A

Salt that disassociates into H and an anion

43
Q

What is a base?

A

Salt that disassociates into cation and OH-

44
Q

What is the Ph scale in inorganic molecules?

A

Amount of H+ expressed as ph (Potential of H)

0-14

Lower Ph- more acidic
Higher Ph- more basic

Whole number change= 10x difference in H+

Ph change from 7 to 9- 100x decrease in H+

45
Q

How are organic molecules linked?

A

Dehydration synthesis

46
Q

How are organic molecules broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

What makes up a polysaccharide?

A

Tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined together

48
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Algae cell walls

49
Q

What is chitin?

A

Cell wall of fungi

50
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

No (+) and (-) ends

Makes them insoluble in water

51
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up biochemical reactions

52
Q

What do transporter proteins do?

A

Move chemicals across membranes

53
Q

What is motility in proteins?

54
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Bacterial toxins

55
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

glycerol and 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

56
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Major component of cell membranes

57
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage in fat cells

58
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

4 fused rings

59
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

Maintaining healthy membranes

60
Q

What is an example of a steroid?

A

Cholesterol

61
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

62
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

63
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, starch, chitin

Micro Lecture (7 decks)

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