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Micro Lecture > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

No nucleus

Genome- one circular chromosome

No membrane-enclosed organelles

Complex cell walls- peptidoglycan

Divide by binary fission

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2
Q

What are characteristics of eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus

Genome- multiple paired chromosomes

Membrane enclosed organelles- mitochondria, golgi complex

Simple cell walls (if present)- chitin, cellulose

Divide by mitosis

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3
Q

What are the shapes of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacillus- rod shaped

Coccus- spherical

Spiral- corkscrew

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4
Q

How are prokaryotes arranged?

A

Single

Pairs- diplococci, diplobacilli

Clusters- staphylococci

Chains- streptococci, streptobacilli

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5
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

Sugar coat outside of cell wall

Exist in prokaryotes

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of glycocalyx?

A

Capsule- organized, firmly attached, prevents phagocytosis

Slime layer- not organized, loosely attached, facilitates adherence (biofilms)

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7
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Exist in the prokaryotic cell

Short protein filaments in surface

Adherence/colonization- biofilms, epithelial surfaces

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8
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Organism movement toward/away from stimuli

Chemical

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9
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

Organism movement toward/away from from stimuli

Light

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10
Q

What are prokaryotic means of motility?

A

Flagella, pili, endoflagella

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11
Q

What does peritrichous mean?

A

Over entire cell

Prokaryotic

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12
Q

What does monotrichous mean?

A

One at one pole

Prokaryotic flagella

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13
Q

What does lophotrichous mean?

A

Prokaryotic flagella

Tuft at one pole

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14
Q

What does amphitrichous mean?

A

At both poles

Prokaryotic flagella

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of flagella movement in prokaryotes?

A

Propellers-rotate

Run and tumble- peritrichous characteristic, movement in one direction (run), abrupt, random changes in direction (tumble)

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16
Q

What are axial filaments (endoflagella)?

A

Fibril bunches under outer sheath

Anchored at ends

Spiral motion entire organism

Spirochetes (syphilis, Lyme disease)

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17
Q

What are pili?

A

Means of motility in prokaryotes

Few per cell

Can pull bacteria forward along surface like grabbing hook

Twitching motility (short, intermittent jerky motions)

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18
Q

What are the means of motility in eukaryotic cells?

A

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopodia (pseudopod)

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19
Q

How are flagella characterized in eukaryotes?

A

Few, long

Undulate (wave, whip-like)

Glide smoothly

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20
Q

How are cilia characterized in eukaryotes?

A

Numerous
Short

Oar-like

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21
Q

How are pseudopodia characterized in eukaryotes?

A

False feet

Extensions of cytoplasm

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22
Q

What does the bacterial cell wall do?

A

Surrounds plasma membrane

Protects cell from adverse changes in outside environment

Made of peptidogylcan (like a lattice)

23
Q

What is peptidogylcan made of?

A

Disaccharide (sugar backbone) NAG-NAM

Polypeptides- side chains off NAMS; cross bridges connect side chains (penicillin blocks bridge formation)

24
Q

What are gram positive bacterial cell walls made up of?

A

Many layers of peptidogylcan

Contain teichoic acid linked to peptidogylcan

Lipoteichoic acid linked to plasma membrane; passage of ions through wall

25
Q

What are gram negative cell walls made up of?

A

One/few layers of peptidogylcan

26
Q

What makes up the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls?

A

Phospholipids, integral proteins, lipopolysaccarhide (LPS) and porins (channels)

27
Q

What does the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls do?

A

Immune invasion (mimicry)

Protective barrier (ex: antibiotics)

28
Q

What do lysozymes do and what are examples of it?

A

Digests peptidoglycan disaccharide

Tears, saliva, mucus

29
Q

What does penicillin-sensitive antibiotics do to the bacterial cell wall?

A

Prevents peptidoglycan cross bridge formation

30
Q

What does the outer membrane do for bacteria in terms of antibiotic invasion?

A

It’s partially lysozyme resistant

Penicillin-resistant

Cephalosporins generate (which penetrate and block peptidoglycan synthesis)

31
Q

What are endospores?

A

Resting cells

Survival in adverse environments

32
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Endospore formation (genome and most essential proteins)

33
Q

What are endospores resistant to?

A

Desiccation, heat, chemicals, radiation

34
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

35
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Inner/outer surface

Enzymes are scaffolding

36
Q

Where are integral proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Embedded (ex: channels)

37
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model say?

A

Proteins move to function

38
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane universally?

A

Selectively permeable barrier

Small molecules pass like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Large molecules don’t (proteins)

39
Q

What does the plasma membrane do in prokaryotes?

A

Site of ATP production (no mitochondria)

Site of photosynthesis (no chloroplasts)

40
Q

What does the plasma membrane do in eukaryotes?

A

Phagocytosis- cellular eating

Pinocytosis- membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances (cellular drinking)

41
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Solutes move freely (ie oxygen)

42
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Solute moves with the help of transporter protein

Non specific or specific

43
Q

What kind of molecules use active transport?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine

Large molecules: amino acids and simple sugars

44
Q

What is group translocation?

A

Only happens in prokaryotes

Substance is chemically altered during transport so it can’t leave

ex: glucose

45
Q

What are the major structures in prokaryotes?

A

Nucleoid

Plasmids

Ribosomes

46
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

Region where genome is located

Prokaryote

47
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular, extrachromosomal DNA

Antibiotic resistance, toxin, enzymes

48
Q

What do ribosomes do in prokaryotes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis

49
Q

What are the major structures in eukaryotic cytoplasm?

A

Cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Membrane- bound organelles- lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex, rough and smooth ER

50
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

In eukaryotic cells

Internal structure of proteins- support and shape, cell movement, movement of substances inside

51
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

RNA + protein

30S+50S=70 S

52
Q

What is the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

60S+80S=80S

53
Q

What are antibiotic targets?

A

30S- streptomycin and gentamycin

50S- erythromycin and chloramphenicol

54
Q

What are the evidences of eukaryotic evolution?

A

Resemble bacteria shape and size

Contain circular DNA

Reproduce independently of host cell by binary fission

70S ribosomes

Double-membraned as if engulfed

Micro Lecture (7 decks)

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