Microbial Evolution Flashcards
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Definition of Life
cells and organization
response to environmental changes
growth and development
biological evolution
energy use and metabolism
regulation and homeostasis
reproduction
microbial fossils
Swartkoppie chert - granular silica
how old are microbial fossils
3.5 byo
there are sparse fossil records (t or f)
true
indirect evidence and scientific method are used to study origins of life (t or f)
true
What are the earliest metabolism
earliest energy sources under harsh conditions
and photosynthesis
cyanobacteria evolved when
2.5 bya
mineralized layers of microorganisms
stromatolites
based on comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)
universal phylogenic tree
universal phylogenic tree is based on
comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)
aligned rRNA sequences from diverse organisms are compared and differences counted to derive a value of evolutionary distance
universal phylogenic tree
in universal phylogenic tree, relatedness is determined, not divergence (t or f)
true
what is the origin of the earth
4.6 bya
when is the origin of cellular life
4.0 bya
emergence of eukaryotes
2 bya
example of energy sources under harsh conditions
inorganics (FeS)
The root or origin of modern life is on bacterial branch but nature still controversial
Last Universal Common Ancestor
What is the LUCA?
Bacteria
Arcahaea and Eukarya evolved independently of
Bacteria
True or false: Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry
True
Origin of mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes are from endosymbiont
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
According to the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis, where does mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes came from?
Endosymbionts
Where does mitochondrion came from?
intracellular bacteria that undergone aerobic respiration
Where does chloroplast came from?
photosynthetic cyanobacterium
What does the aerobic respiration of intracellular bacteria resulted to?
Mitochondrion
What does photosynthetic cyanobacterium resulted to?
chloroplast
anaerobic endosymbiont (protists that have fermentative metabolism)
hydrogenosomes
True or False: Mutation of genetic material led to selected traits
true
Bacteria and Archaea increase genetic pool by _______ within the same generation
horizontal gene transfer
microorganisms are arranged into groups called
taxa
What are the taxonomic levels?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the naming for microorganisms?
Binomial nomenclature
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linnaeus
How does binomial nomenclature name?
genus and species epithet
group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups
species
Eukaryotic microbes are not considered as species since they do not fit the definition with their capability to reproduce sexually. (true or False)
false
Bacteria and Archaea reproduce sexually, hence, species is defined as a collection of strains (t or f)
false
consists of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture
strain
may be biovars, serovars, morphovars, pathovars
strain
