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Microbiology Lec > Microbial Evolution > Flashcards

Microbial Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Life

A

cells and organization
response to environmental changes
growth and development
biological evolution
energy use and metabolism
regulation and homeostasis
reproduction

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2
Q

microbial fossils

A

Swartkoppie chert - granular silica

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3
Q

how old are microbial fossils

A

3.5 byo

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4
Q

there are sparse fossil records (t or f)

A

true

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5
Q

indirect evidence and scientific method are used to study origins of life (t or f)

A

true

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6
Q

What are the earliest metabolism

A

earliest energy sources under harsh conditions
and photosynthesis

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7
Q

cyanobacteria evolved when

A

2.5 bya

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8
Q

mineralized layers of microorganisms

A

stromatolites

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9
Q

based on comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

A

universal phylogenic tree

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10
Q

universal phylogenic tree is based on

A

comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

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11
Q

aligned rRNA sequences from diverse organisms are compared and differences counted to derive a value of evolutionary distance

A

universal phylogenic tree

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12
Q

in universal phylogenic tree, relatedness is determined, not divergence (t or f)

A

true

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13
Q

what is the origin of the earth

A

4.6 bya

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14
Q

when is the origin of cellular life

A

4.0 bya

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15
Q

emergence of eukaryotes

A

2 bya

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16
Q

example of energy sources under harsh conditions

A

inorganics (FeS)

17
Q

The root or origin of modern life is on bacterial branch but nature still controversial

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

18
Q

What is the LUCA?

A

Bacteria

19
Q

Arcahaea and Eukarya evolved independently of

A

Bacteria

20
Q

True or false: Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry

A

True

21
Q

Origin of mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes are from endosymbiont

A

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

22
Q

According to the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis, where does mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes came from?

A

Endosymbionts

23
Q

Where does mitochondrion came from?

A

intracellular bacteria that undergone aerobic respiration

24
Q

Where does chloroplast came from?

A

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

25
Q

What does the aerobic respiration of intracellular bacteria resulted to?

A

Mitochondrion

26
Q

What does photosynthetic cyanobacterium resulted to?

A

chloroplast

27
Q

anaerobic endosymbiont (protists that have fermentative metabolism)

A

hydrogenosomes

28
Q

True or False: Mutation of genetic material led to selected traits

A

true

29
Q

Bacteria and Archaea increase genetic pool by _______ within the same generation

A

horizontal gene transfer

30
Q

microorganisms are arranged into groups called

A

taxa

31
Q

What are the taxonomic levels?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

32
Q

What is the naming for microorganisms?

A

Binomial nomenclature

33
Q

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeus

34
Q

How does binomial nomenclature name?

A

genus and species epithet

35
Q

group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups

A

species

36
Q

Eukaryotic microbes are not considered as species since they do not fit the definition with their capability to reproduce sexually. (true or False)

A

false

37
Q

Bacteria and Archaea reproduce sexually, hence, species is defined as a collection of strains (t or f)

A

false

38
Q

consists of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

A

strain

39
Q

may be biovars, serovars, morphovars, pathovars

A

strain

Microbiology Lec (5 decks)

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