Microbial Evolution

Question 1

Definition of Life

Answer 1

cells and organization
response to environmental changes
growth and development
biological evolution
energy use and metabolism
regulation and homeostasis
reproduction

Question 2

microbial fossils

Answer 2

Swartkoppie chert - granular silica

Question 3

how old are microbial fossils

Answer 3

3.5 byo

Question 4

there are sparse fossil records (t or f)

Answer 4

true

Question 5

indirect evidence and scientific method are used to study origins of life (t or f)

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What are the earliest metabolism

Answer 6

earliest energy sources under harsh conditions
and photosynthesis

Question 7

cyanobacteria evolved when

Answer 7

2.5 bya

Question 8

mineralized layers of microorganisms

Answer 8

stromatolites

Question 9

based on comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

Answer 9

universal phylogenic tree

Question 10

universal phylogenic tree is based on

Answer 10

comparisons of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

Question 11

aligned rRNA sequences from diverse organisms are compared and differences counted to derive a value of evolutionary distance

Answer 11

universal phylogenic tree

Question 12

in universal phylogenic tree, relatedness is determined, not divergence (t or f)

Answer 12

true

Question 13

what is the origin of the earth

Answer 13

4.6 bya

Question 14

when is the origin of cellular life

Answer 14

4.0 bya

Question 15

emergence of eukaryotes

Answer 15

2 bya

Question 16

example of energy sources under harsh conditions

Answer 16

inorganics (FeS)

Question 17

The root or origin of modern life is on bacterial branch but nature still controversial

Answer 17

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 18

What is the LUCA?

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

Arcahaea and Eukarya evolved independently of

Answer 19

Bacteria

Question 20

True or false: Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Origin of mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes are from endosymbiont

Answer 21

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Question 22

According to the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis, where does mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes came from?

Answer 22

Endosymbionts

Question 23

Where does mitochondrion came from?

Answer 23

intracellular bacteria that undergone aerobic respiration

Question 24

Where does chloroplast came from?

Answer 24

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Question 25

What does the aerobic respiration of intracellular bacteria resulted to?

Answer 25

Mitochondrion

Question 26

What does photosynthetic cyanobacterium resulted to?

Answer 26

chloroplast

Question 27

anaerobic endosymbiont (protists that have fermentative metabolism)

Answer 27

hydrogenosomes

Question 28

True or False: Mutation of genetic material led to selected traits

Answer 28

true

Question 29

Bacteria and Archaea increase genetic pool by _______ within the same generation

Answer 29

horizontal gene transfer

Question 30

microorganisms are arranged into groups called

Answer 30

taxa

Question 31

What are the taxonomic levels?

Answer 31

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 32

What is the naming for microorganisms?

Answer 32

Binomial nomenclature

Question 33

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

Answer 33

Carl Linnaeus

Question 34

How does binomial nomenclature name?

Answer 34

genus and species epithet

Question 35

group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups

Answer 35

species

Question 36

Eukaryotic microbes are not considered as species since they do not fit the definition with their capability to reproduce sexually. (true or False)

Answer 36

false

Question 37

Bacteria and Archaea reproduce sexually, hence, species is defined as a collection of strains (t or f)

Answer 37

false

Question 38

consists of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

Answer 38

strain

Question 39

may be biovars, serovars, morphovars, pathovars

Answer 39

strain