Discovery of Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the first microbes first observed?

A

1673

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2
Q

Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

When did Robert Hooke observed cells?

A

1665

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4
Q

first person to observe and describe microorganisms (bacteria and protists) accurately

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

A

spontaneous generation

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6
Q

discredited spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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7
Q

showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

A

Francesco Redi

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8
Q

Who supported Spontaeneous Generation?

A

John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani

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9
Q

suggested that inorganic matter in the extract contained a vital force that confers the properties of life on nonliving matter

A

John Needham

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10
Q

his experiment consists of mutton broth in flasks that are boiled before sealing

A

John Needham

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11
Q

his experiment consist of broth in flasks that are sealed before boiling

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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12
Q

proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium and external air is required for growth of animals already in the medium

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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13
Q

proposed that heating the air in the sealed flask destroyed its ability to support life

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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14
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn

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15
Q

swan-neck flask experiments

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

In swan-neck flask experiments, flasks are left exposed to the air. (t or f)

A

True

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17
Q

The swan neck flasks resulted in growth of microorganisms (t or f)

A

False

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18
Q

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms

A

John Tyndall

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19
Q

showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air.

A

John Tyndall

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20
Q

also provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

A

John Tyndall

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21
Q

showed that heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

22
Q

Infectious disease are believed to be due to supernatural forces or imbalances of 4 bodily fluid humors (t or f)

23
Q

what are the 4 bodily fluid humors that can cause infectious diseases?

A

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

24
Q

showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

A

Agostini Bassi

25
demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold
M.J Berkely
26
showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases
Heinrich de Bary
27
demonstrated microorganisms carried out fermentations helping French wine industry
Louis Pasteur
28
discovered that bacteria causes wine to become sour
Louis Pasteur
29
developed pasteurization to avoid wine spoilage by microbes
Louis Pasteur
30
showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
Louis Pasteur
31
provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the casual agents of disease
Joseph Lister
32
developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings
Joseph Lister
33
has patients had fewer postoperative infections
Joseph Lister
34
established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
Robert Koch
35
uses the criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle
Robert Koch
36
criteria developed by Jacob Henle are known as
Koch's postulates
37
What are Koch's Postulates>
microorganisms must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy organisms suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown into a pure culture same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host
38
What are limitations of Koch's postulates?
some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture using humans in completing postulates is unethical molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits
39
Koch's work led to discovery of:
agar petri dishes nutrient broth and nutrient agar methods for isolating microorganisms
40
developed porcelain bacterial filters used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study tobacco mosaic disease
Charles Chamberland
41
determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present were smaller than bacteria (viruses)
Ivanoski and Beijerinck
42
discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease
Pasteur and Roux
43
incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease
attenuation
44
called attenuated bacteria a vaccine
Pasteur and Roux
45
where vaccine was coined
vacca
46
developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
Pasteur and his coworkers
47
study of host defenses
immunology
48
used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox
Edward Jenner
49
developed antitoxins for diptheria and tetanus
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
50
provided evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
51
discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in blood which is an evidence for cellular immunity
Elie Metchnikoff