Discovery of Microorganisms

Question 1

when was the first microbes first observed?

Answer 1

1673

Question 2

Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells?

Answer 2

Robert Hooke

Question 3

When did Robert Hooke observed cells?

Answer 3

1665

Question 4

first person to observe and describe microorganisms (bacteria and protists) accurately

Answer 4

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Answer 5

spontaneous generation

Question 6

discredited spontaneous generation

Answer 6

Francesco Redi

Question 7

showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

Answer 7

Francesco Redi

Question 8

Who supported Spontaeneous Generation?

Answer 8

John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 9

suggested that inorganic matter in the extract contained a vital force that confers the properties of life on nonliving matter

Answer 9

John Needham

Question 10

his experiment consists of mutton broth in flasks that are boiled before sealing

Answer 10

John Needham

Question 11

his experiment consist of broth in flasks that are sealed before boiling

Answer 11

Lazaro Spallanzani

Question 12

proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium and external air is required for growth of animals already in the medium

Answer 12

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 13

proposed that heating the air in the sealed flask destroyed its ability to support life

Answer 13

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 14

Who disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 14

Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn

Question 15

swan-neck flask experiments

Answer 15

Louis Pasteur

Question 16

In swan-neck flask experiments, flasks are left exposed to the air. (t or f)

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The swan neck flasks resulted in growth of microorganisms (t or f)

Answer 17

False

Question 18

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms

Answer 18

John Tyndall

Question 19

showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air.

Answer 19

John Tyndall

Question 20

also provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Answer 20

John Tyndall

Question 21

showed that heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Answer 21

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 22

Infectious disease are believed to be due to supernatural forces or imbalances of 4 bodily fluid humors (t or f)

Answer 22

True

Question 23

what are the 4 bodily fluid humors that can cause infectious diseases?

Answer 23

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Question 24

showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

Answer 24

Agostini Bassi

Question 25

demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold

Answer 25

M.J Berkely

Question 26

showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases

Answer 26

Heinrich de Bary

Question 27

demonstrated microorganisms carried out fermentations helping French wine industry

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

discovered that bacteria causes wine to become sour

Answer 28

Louis Pasteur

Question 29

developed pasteurization to avoid wine spoilage by microbes

Answer 29

Louis Pasteur

Question 30

showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

Answer 30

Louis Pasteur

Question 31

provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the casual agents of disease

Answer 31

Joseph Lister

Question 32

developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings

Answer 32

Joseph Lister

Question 33

has patients had fewer postoperative infections

Answer 33

Joseph Lister

Question 34

established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

Answer 34

Robert Koch

Question 35

uses the criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle

Answer 35

Robert Koch

Question 36

criteria developed by Jacob Henle are known as

Answer 36

Koch's postulates

Question 37

What are Koch's Postulates>

Answer 37

microorganisms must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy organisms suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown into a pure culture same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host

Question 38

What are limitations of Koch's postulates?

Answer 38

some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture using humans in completing postulates is unethical molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits

Question 39

Koch's work led to discovery of:

Answer 39

agar petri dishes nutrient broth and nutrient agar methods for isolating microorganisms

Question 40

developed porcelain bacterial filters used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study tobacco mosaic disease

Answer 40

Charles Chamberland

Question 41

determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present were smaller than bacteria (viruses)

Answer 41

Ivanoski and Beijerinck

Question 42

discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

Answer 42

Pasteur and Roux

Question 43

incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

Answer 43

attenuation

Question 44

called attenuated bacteria a vaccine

Answer 44

Pasteur and Roux

Question 45

where vaccine was coined

Answer 45

vacca

Question 46

developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Answer 46

Pasteur and his coworkers

Question 47

study of host defenses

Answer 47

immunology

Question 48

used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Answer 48

Edward Jenner

Question 49

developed antitoxins for diptheria and tetanus

Answer 49

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Question 50

provided evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

Answer 50

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Question 51

discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in blood which is an evidence for cellular immunity

Answer 51

Elie Metchnikoff