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Microbiology Lec > Discovery of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Discovery of Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the first microbes first observed?

A

1673

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2
Q

Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

When did Robert Hooke observed cells?

A

1665

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4
Q

first person to observe and describe microorganisms (bacteria and protists) accurately

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

A

spontaneous generation

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6
Q

discredited spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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7
Q

showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

A

Francesco Redi

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8
Q

Who supported Spontaeneous Generation?

A

John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani

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9
Q

suggested that inorganic matter in the extract contained a vital force that confers the properties of life on nonliving matter

A

John Needham

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10
Q

his experiment consists of mutton broth in flasks that are boiled before sealing

A

John Needham

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11
Q

his experiment consist of broth in flasks that are sealed before boiling

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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12
Q

proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium and external air is required for growth of animals already in the medium

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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13
Q

proposed that heating the air in the sealed flask destroyed its ability to support life

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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14
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn

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15
Q

swan-neck flask experiments

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

In swan-neck flask experiments, flasks are left exposed to the air. (t or f)

A

True

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17
Q

The swan neck flasks resulted in growth of microorganisms (t or f)

A

False

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18
Q

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms

A

John Tyndall

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19
Q

showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air.

A

John Tyndall

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20
Q

also provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

A

John Tyndall

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21
Q

showed that heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

22
Q

Infectious disease are believed to be due to supernatural forces or imbalances of 4 bodily fluid humors (t or f)

23
Q

what are the 4 bodily fluid humors that can cause infectious diseases?

A

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

24
Q

showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

A

Agostini Bassi

25
Q

demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold

A

M.J Berkely

26
Q

showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases

A

Heinrich de Bary

27
Q

demonstrated microorganisms carried out fermentations helping French wine industry

A

Louis Pasteur

28
Q

discovered that bacteria causes wine to become sour

A

Louis Pasteur

29
Q

developed pasteurization to avoid wine spoilage by microbes

A

Louis Pasteur

30
Q

showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur

31
Q

provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the casual agents of disease

A

Joseph Lister

32
Q

developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings

A

Joseph Lister

33
Q

has patients had fewer postoperative infections

A

Joseph Lister

34
Q

established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

A

Robert Koch

35
Q

uses the criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle

A

Robert Koch

36
Q

criteria developed by Jacob Henle are known as

A

Koch’s postulates

37
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates>

A

microorganisms must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy organisms

suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown into a pure culture

same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host

38
Q

What are limitations of Koch’s postulates?

A

some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture
using humans in completing postulates is unethical
molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits

39
Q

Koch’s work led to discovery of:

A

agar
petri dishes
nutrient broth and nutrient agar
methods for isolating microorganisms

40
Q

developed porcelain bacterial filters used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study tobacco mosaic disease

A

Charles Chamberland

41
Q

determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present were smaller than bacteria (viruses)

A

Ivanoski and Beijerinck

42
Q

discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

A

Pasteur and Roux

43
Q

incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

A

attenuation

44
Q

called attenuated bacteria a vaccine

A

Pasteur and Roux

45
Q

where vaccine was coined

46
Q

developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

A

Pasteur and his coworkers

47
Q

study of host defenses

A

immunology

48
Q

used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

49
Q

developed antitoxins for diptheria and tetanus

A

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

50
Q

provided evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

A

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

51
Q

discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in blood which is an evidence for cellular immunity

A

Elie Metchnikoff

Microbiology Lec (5 decks)

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